Gender, Nature, and Nurture - Richard A. Lippa 2014

Gender, Nature, and Nurture - Richard A. Lippa 2014

Preface

Introduction

What's the Difference Anyway?

The Study of Sex Differences

Combining the Results of Many Studies: Meta-Analysis

What Do Meta-Analyses Tell Us about Sex Differences?

Beyond Meta-Analyses: Other Possible Sex Differences

Summary

Masculinity and Femininity: Gender Within Gender

The Search Commences

Masculinity and Femininity as Separate Dimensions

But Don't Masculinity and Femininity Make Sense to Most of US?

Deconstructing and Reconstructing Masculinity—Femininity

Summary

Theories of Gender

Levels of Explanation Applied to Gender

Biological Theories

From Nature to Nurture

Summary

The Case for Nature

Animal Experiments

Humans with Unusual Early Exposure to Hormones

Correlational Studies of Hormones and Behavior

Hormones and Maternal Behavior

“Natural Experiments” and Sex Reassignments

Biology and Human Sex Differences

The Case for Biological Influences: Sex Differences in Aggression, Visual-Spatial Ability, and Sexual Behavior

Demonstrating Biological Influences on Individual Differences in Masculinity and Femininity: Behavior Genetic Studies

Summary

The Case for Nurture

Learning to “Do Gender”

Self-Socialization of Gender

Consequences of Gender Stereotypes

Broader Social Factors and Gender

Coda

Summary

Cross-Examinations

Summary

Gender, Nature, and Nurture: Looking to the Future

Causal Cascades and Causal Thickets

Gender, Nature, and Nurture: Some Real-Life Concerns

Political Animals: Men and Women Who Govern

Women and Men in the Military: The Battles of the Sexes

Coda

Summary

Glossary of Key Terms and Concepts

References