Know Thyself: The Science of Self-Awareness - Stephen M Fleming 2021

References

Ackerman, Rakefet, and Morris Goldsmith. “Metacognitive Regulation of Text Learning: On Screen Versus on Paper.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied 17, no. 1 (2011): 18.

Ackerman, Rakefet, and Valerie A. Thompson. “Meta-Reasoning: Monitoring and Control of Thinking and Reasoning.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 21, no. 8 (2017): 607—617.

Adams, Rick A., Stewart Shipp, and Karl J. Friston. “Predictions Not Commands: Active Inference in the Motor System.” Brain Structure & Function 218, no. 3 (2013): 611—643.

Agnew, Sarah Kathleen, and R. G. Morris. “The Heterogeneity of Anosognosia for Memory Impairment in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Review of the Literature and a Proposed Model.” Aging & Mental Health 2, no. 1 (1998): 7—19.

Ais, Joaquín, Ariel Zylberberg, Pablo Barttfeld, and Mariano Sigman. “Individual Consistency in the Accuracy and Distribution of Confidence Judgments.” Cognition 146 (2016): 377—386.

Ajina, Sara, Franco Pestilli, Ariel Rokem, Christopher Kennard, and Holly Bridge. “Human Blindsight Is Mediated by an Intact Geniculo-Extrastriate Pathway.” eLife 4 (2015): e08935.

Alicke, Mark D., Mary L. Klotz, David L. Breitenbecher, Tricia J. Yurak, and Debbie S. Vredenburg. “Personal Contact, Individuation, and the Better-Than-Average Effect.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 68, no. 5 (1995): 804.

Allen, Micah, Darya Frank, D. Samuel Schwarzkopf, Francesca Fardo, Joel S. Winston, Tobias U. Hauser, and Geraint Rees. “Unexpected Arousal Modulates the Influence of Sensory Noise on Confidence.” eLife 5 (2016): 403.

Allen, Micah, James C. Glen, Daniel Müllensiefen, Dietrich Samuel Schwarzkopf, Francesca Fardo, Darya Frank, Martina F. Callaghan, and Geraint Rees. “Metacognitive Ability Correlates with Hippocampal and Prefrontal Microstructure.” NeuroImage 149 (2017): 415—423.

Alter, Adam L., and Daniel M. Oppenheimer. “Predicting Short-Term Stock Fluctuations by Using Processing Fluency.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103, no. 24 (2006): 9369—9372.

. “Uniting the Tribes of Fluency to Form a Metacognitive Nation.” Personality and Social Psychology Review 13, no. 3 (2009): 219—235.

Amodio, D. M., and Chris D. Frith. “Meeting of Minds: The Medial Frontal Cortex and Social Cognition.” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 7, no. 4 (2006): 268—277.

Anderson, Cameron, Sebastien Brion, Don A. Moore, and Jessica A. Kennedy. “A Status-Enhancement Account of Overconfidence.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 103, no. 4 (2012): 718—735.

Apps, Matthew A. J., and Manos Tsakiris. “The Free-Energy Self: A Predictive Coding Account of Self-Recognition.” Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 41 (2014): 85—97.

Atiya, Nadim A. A., Iñaki Rañó, Girijesh Prasad, and KongFatt Wong-Lin. “A Neural Circuit Model of Decision Uncertainty and Change-of-Mind.” Nature Communications 10, no. 1 (2019): 2287.

Aubert, Maxime, Adam Brumm, Muhammad Ramli, Thomas Sutikna, E. Wahyu Saptomo, Budianto Hakim, Michael J. Morwood, Gerrit D. van den Bergh, Leslie Kinsley, and Anthony Dosseto. “Pleistocene Cave Art from Sulawesi, Indonesia.” Nature 514, no. 7521 (2014): 223—227.

Azzopardi, Paul, and Alan Cowey. “Is Blindsight Like Normal, Near-Threshold Vision?” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 94, no. 25 (1997): 14190—14194.

Badre, David, and Derek Evan Nee. “Frontal Cortex and the Hierarchical Control of Behavior.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 22, no. 2 (2018): 170—188.

Baggini, Julian. How the World Thinks: A Global History of Philosophy. 2018. Reprint, London: Granta, 2019.

Bahrami, Bahador, Karsten Olsen, Peter E. Latham, Andreas Roepstorff, Geraint Rees, and Chris D. Frith. “Optimally Interacting Minds.” Science 329, no. 5995 (2010): 1081—1085.

Baird, Benjamin, Anna Castelnovo, Olivia Gosseries, and Giulio Tononi. “Frequent Lucid Dreaming Associated with Increased Functional Connectivity Between Frontopolar Cortex and Temporoparietal Association Areas.” Scientific Reports 8, no. 1 (2018): 1—15.

Baird, Benjamin, Matthew Cieslak, Jonathan Smallwood, Scott T. Grafton, and Jonathan W. Schooler. “Regional White Matter Variation Associated with Domain-Specific Metacognitive Accuracy.” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 27, no. 3 (2015): 440—452.

Baird, Benjamin, Michael D. Mrazek, Dawa T. Phillips, and Jonathan W. Schooler. “Domain-Specific Enhancement of Metacognitive Ability Following Meditation Training.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 143, no. 5 (2014): 1972.

Baird, Benjamin, Jonathan Smallwood, Krzysztof J. Gorgolewski, and Daniel S. Margulies. “Medial and Lateral Networks in Anterior Prefrontal Cortex Support Metacognitive Ability for Memory and Perception.” Journal of Neuroscience 33, no. 42 (2013): 16657—16665.

Bandura, A. “Self-Efficacy: Toward a Unifying Theory of Behavioral Change.” Psychological Review 84, no. 2 (1977): 191—215.

Bang, Dan, Laurence Aitchison, Rani Moran, Santiago Herce Castanon, Banafsheh Rafiee, Ali Mahmoodi, Jennifer Y. F. Lau, Peter E. Latham, Bahador Bahrami, and Christopher Summerfield. “Confidence Matching in Group Decision-Making.” Nature Human Behaviour 1, no. 6 (2017): 1—7.

Bang, Dan, Sara Ershadmanesh, Hamed Nili, and Stephen M. Fleming. “Private-Public Mappings in Human Prefrontal Cortex.” eLife 9 (2020): e56477.

Bang, Dan, and Stephen M. Fleming. “Distinct Encoding of Decision Confidence in Human Medial Prefrontal Cortex.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 23 (2018): 6082—6087.

Bang, Dan, and Chris D. Frith. “Making Better Decisions in Groups.” Royal Society Open Science 4, no. 8 (2017): 170193.

Bang, Dan, Riccardo Fusaroli, Kristian Tylén, Karsten Olsen, Peter E. Latham, Jennifer Y. F. Lau, Andreas Roepstorff, Geraint Rees, Chris D. Frith, and Bahador Bahrami. “Does Interaction Matter? Testing Whether a Confidence Heuristic Can Replace Interaction in Collective Decision-Making.” Consciousness and Cognition 26 (2014): 13—23.

Bargh, John A., and Yaacov Schul. “On the Cognitive Benefits of Teaching.” Journal of Educational Psychology 72, no. 5 (1980): 593—604.

Baron-Cohen, Simon, Alan M. Leslie, and Uta Frith. “Does the Autistic Child Have a ’Theory of Mind’?” Cognition 21, no. 1 (1985): 37—46.

Barttfeld, Pablo, Bruno Wicker, Phil McAleer, Pascal Belin, Yann Cojan, Martin Graziano, Ramón Leiguarda, and Mariano Sigman. “Distinct Patterns of Functional Brain Connectivity Correlate with Objective Performance and Subjective Beliefs.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110, no. 28 (2013): 11577—11582.

Beck, Brianna, Valentina Peña-Vivas, Stephen Fleming, and Patrick Haggard. “Metacognition Across Sensory Modalities: Vision, Warmth, and Nociceptive Pain.” Cognition 186 (2019): 32—41.

Beilock, Sian L., and Thomas H. Carr. “On the Fragility of Skilled Performance: What Governs Choking Under Pressure?” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 130, no. 4 (2001): 701—725.

Beilock, Sian L., Thomas H. Carr, Clare MacMahon, and Janet L. Starkes. “When Paying Attention Becomes Counterproductive: Impact of Divided Versus Skill-Focused Attention on Novice and Experienced Performance of Sensorimotor Skills.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied 8, no. 1 (2002): 6—16.

Bengio, Yoshua. “Learning Deep Architectures for AI.” Foundations and Trends in Machine Learning 2, no. 1 (2009): 1—127.

Bengtsson, Sara L., Raymond J. Dolan, and Richard E. Passingham. “Priming for Self-Esteem Influences the Monitoring of One’s Own Performance.” Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, June 15, 2010.

Benson, D. F., A. Djenderedjian, B. L. Miller, N. A. Pachana, L. Chang, L. Itti, and I. Mena. “Neural Basis of Confabulation.” Neurology 46, no. 5 (1996): 1239—1243.

Bentall, Richard P., Guy A. Baker, and Sue Havers. “Reality Monitoring and Psychotic Hallucinations.” British Journal of Clinical Psychology 30, no. 3 (1991): 213—222.

Beran, Michael J., J. David Smith, Mariana V. C. Coutinho, Justin J. Couchman, and Joseph Boomer. “The Psychological Organization of ’Uncertainty’ Responses and ’Middle’ Responses: A Dissociation in Capuchin Monkeys (Cebus Apella).” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 35, no. 3 (2009): 371—381.

Bertelson, P. “Ventriloquism: A Case of Crossmodal Perceptual Grouping.” Advances in Psychology 129 (1999): 347—362.

Bjork, Robert A., John Dunlosky, and Nate Kornell. “Self-Regulated Learning: Beliefs, Techniques, and Illusions.” Annual Review of Psychology 64, no. 1 (2013): 417—444.

Blakemore, Sarah-Jayne. Inventing Ourselves: The Secret Life of the Teenage Brain. London: Doubleday, 2018.

Blakemore, Sarah-Jayne, Daniel Wolpert, and Chris D. Frith. “Why Can’t You Tickle Yourself?” NeuroReport 11, no. 11 (2000): R11—R16.

Blanke, Olaf, Mel Slater, and Andrea Serino. “Behavioral, Neural, and Computational Principles of Bodily Self-Consciousness.” Neuron 88, no. 1 (2015): 145—166.

Block, Ned. “Perceptual Consciousness Overflows Cognitive Access.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 15, no. 12 (2011): 567—575.

Bocanegra, Bruno R., Fenna H. Poletiek, Bouchra Ftitache, and Andy Clark. “Intelligent Problem-Solvers Externalize Cognitive Operations.” Nature Human Behaviour 3, no. 2 (2019): 136—142.

Born, Richard T., and David C. Bradley. “Structure and Function of Visual Area MT.” Annual Review of Neuroscience 28 (2005): 157—189.

Botvinick, Matthew M., and Johnathan Cohen. “Rubber Hands ’Feel’ Touch That Eyes See.” Nature 391, no. 6669 (1998): 756.

Botvinick, Matthew M., Yael Niv, and Andew G. Barto. “Hierarchically Organized Behavior and Its Neural Foundations: A Reinforcement Learning Perspective.” Cognition 113, no. 3 (2009): 262—280.

Braitenberg, Valentino. Vehicles: Experiments in Synthetic Psychology. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1984.

Bretherton, Inge, and Marjorie Beeghly. “Talking About Internal States: The Acquisition of an Explicit Theory of Mind.” Developmental Psychology 18, no. 6 (1982): 906—921.

Brewer, Neil, and Anne Burke. “Effects of Testimonial Inconsistencies and Eyewitness Confidence on Mock-Juror Judgments.” Law and Human Behavior 26, no. 3 (2002): 353—364.

Bronfman, Zohar Z., Noam Brezis, Hilla Jacobson, and Marius Usher. “We See More Than We Can Report: ’Cost Free’ Color Phenomenality Outside Focal Attention.” Psychological Science 25, no. 7 (2014): 1394—1403.

Brown, Richard, Hakwan Lau, and Joseph E. LeDoux. “Understanding the Higher-Order Approach to Consciousness.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 23, no. 9 (2019): 754—768.

Bulley, Adam, Thomas McCarthy, Sam J. Gilbert, Thomas Suddendorf, and Jonathan Redshaw. “Children Devise and Selectively Use Tools to Offload Cognition.” Current Biology 30, no. 17 (2020): 3457—3464.

Bulley, Adam, and Daniel L. Schacter. “Deliberating Trade-Offs with the Future.” Nature Human Behaviour 4, no. 3 (2020): 238—247.

Burgess, P. W., N. Alderman, J. Evans, H. Emslie, and B. A. Wilson. “The Ecological Validity of Tests of Executive Function.” Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 4, no. 6 (1998): 547—558.

Busey, T. A., J. Tunnicliff, G. R. Loftus, and E. F. Loftus. “Accounts of the Confidence-Accuracy Relation in Recognition Memory.” Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 7, no. 1 (2000): 26—48.

Butterfill, Stephen A., and Ian A. Apperly. “How to Construct a Minimal Theory of Mind.” Mind & Language 28, no. 5 (2013): 606—637.

Call, Josep. “Seeking Information in Non-Human Animals: Weaving a Metacognitive Web.” In Foundations of Metacognition, edited by Michael J. Beran, Johannes Brandl, Josef Perner, and Joëlle Proust, 62—75. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.

Call, Josep, and Michael Tomasello. “Does the Chimpanzee Have a Theory of Mind? 30 Years Later.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 12, no. 5 (2008): 187—192.

Camerer, Colin F., Anna Dreber, Felix Holzmeister, Teck-Hua Ho, Jürgen Huber, Magnus Johannesson, Michael Kirchler, et al. “Evaluating the Replicability of Social Science Experiments in Nature and Science Between 2010 and 2015.” Nature Human Behaviour 2, no. 9 (2018): 637—644.

Carpenter, Jason, Maxine T. Sherman, Rogier A. Kievit, Anil K. Seth, Hakwan Lau, and Stephen M. Fleming. “Domain-General Enhancements of Metacognitive Ability Through Adaptive Training.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 148, no. 1 (2019): 51—64.

Carruthers, Peter. “How We Know Our Own Minds: The Relationship Between Mindreading and Metacognition.” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 32, no. 2 (2009): 121—138.

. “Meta-Cognition in Animals: A Skeptical Look.” Mind & Language 23, no. 1 (2008): 58—89.

. The Opacity of Mind: An Integrative Theory of Self-Knowledge. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.

Case, Paula. “Dangerous Liaisons? Psychiatry and Law in the Court of Protection—Expert Discourses of ’Insight’ (and ’Compliance’).” Medical Law Review 24, no. 3 (2016): 360—378.

Cervone, Daniel. “Effects of Envisioning Future Activities on Self-Efficacy Judgments and Motivation: An Availability Heuristic Interpretation.” Cognitive Therapy and Research 13, no. 3 (1989): 247—261.

Cervone, Daniel, and Philip K. Peake. “Anchoring, Efficacy, and Action: The Influence of Judgmental Heuristics on Self-Efficacy Judgments and Behavior.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 50, no. 3 (1986): 492.

Cesarini, David, Magnus Johannesson, Paul Lichtenstein, and Björn Wallace. “Heritability of Overconfidence.” Journal of the European Economic Association 7, nos. 2—3 (2009): 617—627.

Chalmers, David J. “The Meta-Problem of Consciousness.” Journal of Consciousness Studies 25, nos. 9—10 (2018): 6—61.

Chamorro-Premuzic, Tomas, Nicole Harlaar, Corina U. Greven, and Robert Plomin. “More than Just IQ: A Longitudinal Examination of Self-Perceived Abilities as Predictors of Academic Performance in a Large Sample of UK Twins.” Intelligence 38, no. 4 (2010): 385—392.

Chang, Liangtang, Shikun Zhang, Mu-Ming Poo, and Neng Gong. “Spontaneous Expression of Mirror Self-Recognition in Monkeys After Learning Precise Visual-Proprioceptive Association for Mirror Images.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 12 (2017): 3258—3263.

Charles, Lucie, Jean-Rémi King, and Stanislas Dehaene. “Decoding the Dynamics of Action, Intention, and Error Detection for Conscious and Subliminal Stimuli.” Journal of Neuroscience 34, no. 4 (2014): 1158—1170.

Chen, Patricia, Omar Chavez, Desmond C. Ong, and Brenda Gunderson. “Strategic Resource Use for Learning: A Self-Administered Intervention That Guides Self-Reflection on Effective Resource Use Enhances Academic Performance.” Psychological Science 28, no. 6 (2017): 774—785.

Christoff, Kalina, Alan M. Gordon, Jonathan Smallwood, Rachelle Smith, and Jonathan W. Schooler. “Experience Sampling During fMRI Reveals Default Network and Executive System Contributions to Mind Wandering.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106, no. 21 (2009): 8719—8724.

Clark, Andy. Supersizing the Mind: Embodiment, Action, and Cognitive Extension. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010.

. Surfing Uncertainty: Prediction, Action, and the Embodied Mind. New York: Oxford University Press, 2016.

. “Whatever Next? Predictive Brains, Situated Agents, and the Future of Cognitive Science.” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 36, no. 3 (2013): 181—204.

Clark, Andy, and David J. Chalmers. “The Extended Mind.” Analysis 58, no. 1 (1998): 7—19.

Clark, Andy, and Annette Karmiloff-Smith. “The Cognizer’s Innards: A Psychological and Philosophical Perspective on the Development of Thought.” Mind & Language 8, no. 4 (1993): 487—519.

Clarke, F. R., T. G. Birdsall, and W. P. Tanner. “Two Types of ROC Curves and Definition of Parameters.” Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 31 (1959): 629—630.

Cleeremans, Axel. “Connecting Conscious and Unconscious Processing.” Cognitive Science 38, no. 6 (2014): 1286—1315.

. “The Radical Plasticity Thesis: How the Brain Learns to Be Conscious.” Frontiers in Psychology 2 (2011): 1—12.

Comte, Auguste. Introduction to Positive Philosophy. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing, 1988.

Conant, Roger C., and W. Ross Ashby. “Every Good Regulator of a System Must Be a Model of That System.” International Journal of Systems Science 1, no. 2 (1970): 89—97.

Cortese, Aurelio, Kaoru Amano, Ai Koizumi, Mitsuo Kawato, and Hakwan Lau. “Multivoxel Neurofeedback Selectively Modulates Confidence Without Changing Perceptual Performance.” Nature Communications 7 (2016): 13669.

Cortese, Aurelio, Kaoru Amano, Ai Koizumi, Hakwan Lau, and Mitsuo Kawato. “Decoded fMRI Neurofeedback Can Induce Bidirectional Confidence Changes Within Single Participants.” NeuroImage 149 (2017): 323—337.

Cosentino, Stephanie. “Metacognition in Alzheimer’s Disease.” In The Cognitive Neuroscience of Metacognition, edited by Stephen M. Fleming and Chris D. Frith, 389—407. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2014.

Cosentino, Stephanie, Janet Metcalfe, Brady Butterfield, and Yaakov Stern. “Objective Metamemory Testing Captures Awareness of Deficit in Alzheimer’s Disease.” Cortex 43, no. 7 (2007): 1004—1019.

Costall, Alan. “’Introspectionism’ and the Mythical Origins of Scientific Psychology.” Consciousness and Cognition 15, no. 4 (2006): 634—654.

Courage, Mary L., Shannon C. Edison, and Mark L. Howe. “Variability in the Early Development of Visual Self-Recognition.” Infant Behavior and Development 27, no. 4 (2004): 509—532.

Cova, Florian, Maxence Gaillard, and François Kammerer. “Is the Phenomenological Overflow Argument Really Supported by Subjective Reports?” Mind & Language, April 21, 2020 (epub ahead of print).

Craik, Kenneth. The Nature of Explanation. 1943. New Impression edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1963.

Crockett, Molly J., Barbara R. Braams, Luke Clark, Philippe N. Tobler, Trevor W. Robbins, and Tobias Kalenscher. “Restricting Temptations: Neural Mechanisms of Precommitment.” Neuron 79, no. 2 (2013): 391—401.

Cross, K. Patricia. “Not Can, but Will College Teaching Be Improved?” New Directions for Higher Education 1977, no. 17 (1977): 1—15.

Crump, Matthew J. C., and Gordon D. Logan. “Warning: This Keyboard Will Deconstruct—the Role of the Keyboard in Skilled Typewriting.” Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 17, no. 3 (2010): 394—399.

Csibra, Gergely, and György Gergely. “Natural Pedagogy.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 13, no. 4 (2009): 148—153.

Daftry, Shreyansh, Sam Zeng, J. Andrew Bagnell, and Martial Hebert. “Introspective Perception: Learning to Predict Failures in Vision Systems,” in 2016 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), 1743—1750.

Dalio, Ray. Principles: Life and Work. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2017.

Darwin, Charles. The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. London: John Murray, 1872.

David, Anthony S., Nicholas Bedford, Ben Wiffen, and James Gilleen. “Failures of Metacognition and Lack of Insight in Neuropsychiatric Disorders.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 367, no. 1594 (2012): 1379—1390.

Dawkins, Richard, and Yan Wong. The Ancestor’s Tale: A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Life. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2016.

De Gardelle, Vincent, and Pascal Mamassian. “Does Confidence Use a Common Currency Across Two Visual Tasks?” Psychological Science 25, no. 6 (2014): 1286—1288.

De Martino, Benedetto, Stephen M. Fleming, Neil Garrett, and Raymond J. Dolan. “Confidence in Value-Based Choice.” Nature Neuroscience 16, no. 1 (2013): 105—110.

Dehaene, Stanislas, Hakwan Lau, and Sid Kouider. “What Is Consciousness, and Could Machines Have It?” Science 358, no. 6362 (2017): 486—492.

Dehaene, Stanislas, M. I. Posner, and D. M. Tucker. “Localization of a Neural System for Error Detection and Compensation.” Psychological Science 5, no. 5 (1994): 303—305.

De Jager, Bernadet, Margo Jansen, and Gerry Reezigt. “The Development of Metacognition in Primary School Learning Environments.” School Effectiveness and School Improvement 16, no. 2 (2005): 179—196.

Del Cul, A., S. Dehaene, P. Reyes, E. Bravo, and A. Slachevsky. “Causal Role of Prefrontal Cortex in the Threshold for Access to Consciousness.” Brain 132, no. 9 (2009): 2531.

Della Gatta, Francesco, Francesca Garbarini, Guglielmo Puglisi, Antonella Leonetti, Annamaria Berti, and Paola Borroni. “Decreased Motor Cortex Excitability Mirrors Own Hand Disembodiment During the Rubber Hand Illusion.” eLife 5 (2016): e14972.

Dennett, Daniel C. “Conditions of Personhood.” In What Is a Person?, edited by Michael F. Goodman, 145—167. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1988.

. From Bacteria to Bach and Back: The Evolution of Minds. London: Penguin, 2018.

. Kinds of Minds: Toward an Understanding of Consciousness. New York: Basic Books, 1996.

Dequaire, Julie, Chi Hay Tong, Winston Churchill, and Ingmar Posner. “Off the Beaten Track: Predicting Localisation Performance in Visual Teach and Repeat.” In 2016 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), 795—800. Stockholm, Sweden: IEEE, 2016.

Descartes, René. Meditations and Other Metaphysical Writings. London: Penguin, 1998.

Desender, Kobe, Annika Boldt, and Nick Yeung. “Subjective Confidence Predicts Information Seeking in Decision Making.” Psychological Science 29, no. 5 (2018): 761—778.

Desender, Kobe, Peter Murphy, Annika Boldt, Tom Verguts, and Nick Yeung. “A Postdecisional Neural Marker of Confidence Predicts Information-Seeking in Decision-Making.” Journal of Neuroscience 39, no. 17 (2019): 3309—3319.

Diedrichsen, Jörn, Yasmin Hashambhoy, Tushar Rane, and Reza Shadmehr. “Neural Correlates of Reach Errors.” Journal of Neuroscience 25, no. 43 (2005): 9919—9931.

Diemand-Yauman, Connor, Daniel M. Oppenheimer, and Erikka B. Vaughan. “Fortune Favors the Bold (and the Italicized): Effects of Disfluency on Educational Outcomes.” Cognition 118, no. 1 (2011): 111—115.

Di Stefano, Giada, Francesca Gino, Gary P. Pisano, and Bradley R. Staats. “Making Experience Count: The Role of Reflection in Individual Learning.” NOM Unit Working Paper No. 14-093, Harvard Business School, Boston, MA, June 14, 2016. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2414478.

Domingos, Pedro. The Master Algorithm: How the Quest for the Ultimate Learning Machine Will Remake Our World. London: Penguin, 2015.

Draganski, Bogdan, Christian Gaser, Volker Busch, Gerhard Schuierer, Ulrich Bogdahn, and Arne May. “Neuroplasticity: Changes in Grey Matter Induced by Training.” Nature 427, no. 6972 (2004): 311—312.

Dresler, Martin, Renate Wehrle, Victor I. Spoormaker, Stefan P. Koch, Florian Holsboer, Axel Steiger, Hellmuth Obrig, Philipp G. Sämann, and Michael Czisch. “Neural Correlates of Dream Lucidity Obtained from Contrasting Lucid Versus Non-Lucid REM Sleep: A Combined EEG/fMRI Case Study.” Sleep 35, no. 7 (2012): 1017—1020.

Dunlosky, John, and Keith W. Thiede. “What Makes People Study More? An Evaluation of Factors That Affect Self-Paced Study.” Acta Psychologica 98, no. 1 (1998): 37—56.

Dunning, David. Self-Insight: Roadblocks and Detours on the Path to Knowing Thyself. New York: Psychology Press, 2012.

Edelson, Micah G., Rafael Polania, Christian C. Ruff, Ernst Fehr, and Todd A. Hare. “Computational and Neurobiological Foundations of Leadership Decisions.” Science 361, no. 6401 (2018).

Ehrlinger, Joyce, Kerri Johnson, Matthew Banner, David Dunning, and Justin Kruger. “Why the Unskilled Are Unaware: Further Explorations of (Absent) Self-Insight Among the Incompetent.” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 105, no. 1 (2008): 98—121.

Eichner, Carolin, and Fabrice Berna. “Acceptance and Efficacy of Metacognitive Training (MCT) on Positive Symptoms and Delusions in Patients with Schizophrenia: A Meta-Analysis Taking into Account Important Moderators.” Schizophrenia Bulletin 42, no. 4 (2016): 952—962.

Ernst, Marc O., and Martin S. Banks. “Humans Integrate Visual and Haptic Information in a Statistically Optimal Fashion.” Nature 415, no. 6870 (2002): 429—433.

Eskreis-Winkler, Lauren, Katherine L. Milkman, Dena M. Gromet, and Angela L. Duckworth. “A Large-Scale Field Experiment Shows Giving Advice Improves Academic Outcomes for the Advisor.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 30 (2019): 14808—14810.

Evans, Jonathan St. B. T., and Keith E. Stanovich. “Dual-Process Theories of Higher Cognition: Advancing the Debate.” Perspectives on Psychological Science 8, no. 3 (2013): 223—241.

Faivre, Nathan, Elisa Filevich, Guillermo Solovey, Simone Kühn, and Olaf Blanke. “Behavioral, Modeling, and Electrophysiological Evidence for Supramodality in Human Metacognition.” Journal of Neuroscience 38, no. 2 (2018): 263—277.

Fandakova, Yana, Diana Selmeczy, Sarah Leckey, Kevin J. Grimm, Carter Wendelken, Silvia A. Bunge, and Simona Ghetti. “Changes in Ventromedial Prefrontal and Insular Cortex Support the Development of Metamemory from Childhood into Adolescence.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 29 (2017): 7582—7587.

Felleman, D. J., and D. C. van Essen. “Distributed Hierarchical Processing in the Primate Cerebral Cortex.” Cerebral Cortex 1, no. 1 (1991): 1—47.

Fernyhough, Charles. The Voices Within: The History and Science of How We Talk to Ourselves. New York: Basic Books, 2016.

Fetterman, Adam K., and Kai Sassenberg. “The Reputational Consequences of Failed Replications and Wrongness Admission Among Scientists.” PLOS One 10, no. 12 (2015): e0143723.

Filevich, Elisa, Martin Dresler, Timothy R. Brick, and Simone Kühn. “Metacognitive Mechanisms Underlying Lucid Dreaming.” Journal of Neuroscience 35, no. 3 (2015): 1082—1088.

Filevich, Elisa, Caroline Garcia Forlim, Carmen Fehrman, Carina Forster, Markus Paulus, Yee Lee Shing, and Simone Kühn. “I Know That I Know Nothing: Cortical Thickness and Functional Connectivity Underlying Meta-Ignorance Ability in Pre-schoolers.” Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience 41 (2020): 100738.

Firestein, Stuart. Ignorance: How It Drives Science. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012.

Fischer, Helen, Dorothee Amelung, and Nadia Said. “The Accuracy of German Citizens’ Confidence in Their Climate Change Knowledge.” Nature Climate Change 9, no. 10 (2019): 776—780.

Flavell, J. H. “Metacognition and Cognitive Monitoring: A New Area of Cognitive-Developmental Inquiry.” American Psychologist 34 (1979): 906—911.

Fleming, Stephen M. “Decision Making: Changing Our Minds About Changes of Mind.” eLife 5 (2016): e14790.

. “HMeta-d: Hierarchical Bayesian Estimation of Metacognitive Efficiency from Confidence Ratings.” Neuroscience of Consciousness 2017, no. 1 (2017).

Fleming, Stephen M., and Dan Bang. “Shouldering Responsibility.” Science 361, no. 6401 (2018): 449—450.

Fleming, Stephen M., and Nathaniel D. Daw. “Self-Evaluation of Decision-Making: A General Bayesian Framework for Metacognitive Computation.” Psychological Review 124, no. 1 (2017): 91—114.

Fleming, Stephen M., and Raymond J. Dolan. “The Neural Basis of Metacognitive Ability.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 367, no. 1594 (2012): 1338—1349.

Fleming, Stephen M., and Chris D. Frith. The Cognitive Neuroscience of Metacognition. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2014.

Fleming, Stephen M., Josefien Huijgen, and Raymond J. Dolan. “Prefrontal Contributions to Metacognition in Perceptual Decision Making.” Journal of Neuroscience 32, no. 18 (2012): 6117—6125.

Fleming, Stephen M., and Hakwan Lau. “How to Measure Metacognition.” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 8 (2014): 443.

Fleming, Stephen M., Brian Maniscalco, Yoshiaki Ko, Namema Amendi, Tony Ro, and Hakwan Lau. “Action-Specific Disruption of Perceptual Confidence.” Psychological Science 26, no. 1 (2015): 89—98.

Fleming, Stephen M., Jihye Ryu, John G. Golfinos, and Karen E. Blackmon. “Domain-Specific Impairment in Metacognitive Accuracy Following Anterior Prefrontal Lesions.” Brain 137, no. 10 (2014): 2811—2822.

Fleming, Stephen M., Elisabeth J. van der Putten, and Nathaniel D. Daw. “Neural Mediators of Changes of Mind About Perceptual Decisions.” Nature Neuroscience 21 (2018).

Fleming, Stephen M., Rimona S. Weil, Zoltan Nagy, Raymond J. Dolan, and Geraint Rees. “Relating Introspective Accuracy to Individual Differences in Brain Structure.” Science 329, no. 5998 (2010): 1541—1543.

Folke, Tomas, Catrine Jacobsen, Stephen M. Fleming, and Benedetto De Martino. “Explicit Representation of Confidence Informs Future Value-Based Decisions.” Nature Human Behaviour 1, no. 1 (2016): 0002.

Fotopoulou, Aikaterini, Anthony Rudd, Paul Holmes, and Michael Kopelman. “Self-Observation Reinstates Motor Awareness in Anosognosia for Hemiplegia.” Neuropsychologia 47, no. 5 (2009): 1256—1260.

Fourneret, P., and M. Jeannerod. “Limited Conscious Monitoring of Motor Performance in Normal Subjects.” Neuropsychologia 36, no. 11 (1998): 1133—1140.

Fox, Kieran C. R., Pierre Zakarauskas, Matt Dixon, Melissa Ellamil, Evan Thompson, and Kalina Christoff. “Meditation Experience Predicts Introspective Accuracy.” PLOS One 7, no. 9 (2012): e45370.

Fox, Steven G., and H. A. Walters. “The Impact of General Versus Specific Expert Testimony and Eyewitness Confidence Upon Mock Juror Judgment.” Law and Human Behavior 10, no. 3 (1986): 215—228.

Frankfurt, Harry G. “Freedom of the Will and the Concept of a Person.” In What Is a Person?, edited by Michael F. Goodman, 127—144. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1988.

Frederick, Shane. “Cognitive Reflection and Decision-Making.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 19, no. 4 (2005): 25—42.

Freud, Sigmund. The Interpretation of Dreams. London: Wordsworth Editions, 1997.

Friston, Karl. “The Free-Energy Principle: A Unified Brain Theory?” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 11, no. 2 (2010): 127—138.

Friston, Karl, Jean Daunizeau, James Kilner, and Stefan J. Kiebel. “Action and Behavior: A Free-Energy Formulation.” Biological Cybernetics 102, no. 3 (2010): 227—260.

Frith, Chris D. The Cognitive Neuropsychology of Schizophrenia. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1992.

. “The Role of Metacognition in Human Social Interactions.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 367, no. 1599 (2012): 2213—2223.

Fu, Zhongzheng, Daw-An J. Wu, Ian Ross, Jeffrey M. Chung, Adam N. Mamelak, Ralph Adolphs, and Ueli Rutishauser. “Single-Neuron Correlates of Error Monitoring and Post-Error Adjustments in Human Medial Frontal Cortex.” Neuron 101, no. 1 (2019): 165—177.e5.

Fujita, Kazuo, Noriyuki Nakamura, Sumie Iwasaki, and Sota Watanabe. “Are Birds Metacognitive?” In Foundations of Metacognition, edited by Michael J. Beran, Johannes Brandl, Josef Perner, and Joëlle Proust, 50—61. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.

Fusaroli, Riccardo, Bahador Bahrami, Karsten Olsen, Andreas Roepstorff, Geraint Rees, Chris D. Frith, and Kristian Tylén. “Coming to Terms: Quantifying the Benefits of Linguistic Coordination.” Psychological Science 23, no. 8 (2012): 931—939.

Gadagkar, Vikram, Pavel A. Puzerey, Ruidong Chen, Eliza Baird-Daniel, Alexander R. Farhang, and Jesse H. Goldberg. “Dopamine Neurons Encode Performance Error in Singing Birds.” Science 354, no. 6317 (2016): 1278—1282.

Gajdos, Thibault, Stephen M. Fleming, Marta Saez Garcia, Gabriel Weindel, and Karen Davranche. “Revealing Subthreshold Motor Contributions to Perceptual Confidence.” Neuroscience of Consciousness 2019, no. 1 (2019): niz001.

Gal, Yarin, and Zoubin Ghahramani. “Dropout as a Bayesian Approximation: Representing Model Uncertainty in Deep Learning,” arXiv.org, October 4, 2016.

Galvin, Susan J., John V. Podd, Vit Drga, and John Whitmore. “Type 2 Tasks in the Theory of Signal Detectability: Discrimination Between Correct and Incorrect Decisions.” Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 10, no. 4 (2003): 843—876.

Garrison, Jane R., Emilio Fernandez-Egea, Rashid Zaman, Mark Agius, and Jon S. Simons. “Reality Monitoring Impairment in Schizophrenia Reflects Specific Prefrontal Cortex Dysfunction.” NeuroImage: Clinical 14 (2017): 260—268.

Gazzaniga, Michael S. “Forty-Five Years of Split-Brain Research and Still Going Strong.” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 6, no. 8 (2005): 653—659.

. The Mind’s Past. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998.

Gehring, W. J., B. Goss, M. G. H. Coles, D. E. Meyer, and E. Donchin. “A Neural System for Error Detection and Compensation.” Psychological Science 4, no. 6 (1993): 385.

Georgopoulos, A. P., J. F. Kalaska, R. Caminiti, and J. T. Massey. “On the Relations Between the Direction of Two-Dimensional Arm Movements and Cell Discharge in Primate Motor Cortex.” Journal of Neuroscience 2, no. 11 (1982): 1527—1537.

Gershman, Samuel J., and Nathaniel D. Daw. “Perception, Action and Utility: The Tangled Skein.” Principles of Brain Dynamics: Global State Interactions, 2012, 293—312.

Gherman, Sabina, and Marios Philiastides. “Human VMPFC Encodes Early Signatures of Confidence in Perceptual Decisions.” eLife 7 (2018).

Gilbert, Sam J. “Strategic Use of Reminders: Influence of Both Domain-General and Task-Specific Metacognitive Confidence, Independent of Objective Memory Ability.” Consciousness and Cognition 33 (2015): 245—260.

Gold, J. I., and M. N. Shadlen. “Banburismus and the Brain: Decoding the Relationship Between Sensory Stimuli, Decisions, and Reward.” Neuron 36, no. 2 (2002): 299—308.

Goldberg, Ilan I., Michal Harel, and Rafael Malach. “When the Brain Loses Its Self: Prefrontal Inactivation During Sensorimotor Processing.” Neuron 50, no. 2 (2006): 329—339.

Gopnik, Alison, and Janet W. Astington. “Children’s Understanding of Representational Change and Its Relation to the Understanding of False Belief and the Appearance-Reality Distinction.” Child Development 59, no. 1 (1988): 26—37.

Goupil, Louise, and Sid Kouider. “Behavioral and Neural Indices of Metacognitive Sensitivity in Preverbal Infants.” Current Biology 26, no. 22 (2016): 3038—3045.

Goupil, Louise, Emmanuel Ponsot, Daniel C. Richardson, Gabriel Reyes, and Jean-Julien Aucouturier. “Hearing Reliability: A Common Prosodic Code Automatically Signals Confidence and Honesty to Human Listeners.” PsyArXiv, January 8, 2020.

Goupil, Louise, Margaux Romand-Monnier, and Sid Kouider. “Infants Ask for Help When They Know They Don’t Know.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 13 (2016): 3492—3496.

Graziano, Michael S. A. Rethinking Consciousness: A Scientific Theory of Subjective Experience. New York: W. W. Norton, 2019.

Green, D. M., and J. A. Swets. Signal Detection Theory and Psychophysics. New York: Wiley, 1966.

Gregory, Richard. The Intelligent Eye. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1970.

Greven, Corina U., Nicole Harlaar, Yulia Kovas, Tomas Chamorro-Premuzic, and Robert Plomin. “More than Just IQ: School Achievement Is Predicted by Self-Perceived Abilities—but for Genetic Rather than Environmental Reasons.” Psychological Science 20, no. 6 (2009): 753—762.

Güçlü, Umut, and Marcel A. J. van Gerven. “Deep Neural Networks Reveal a Gradient in the Complexity of Neural Representations Across the Ventral Stream.” Journal of Neuroscience 35, no. 27 (2015): 10005—10014.

Gurău, Corina, Dushyant Rao, Chi Hay Tong, and Ingmar Posner. “Learn from Experience: Probabilistic Prediction of Perception Performance to Avoid Failure.” International Journal of Robotics Research 37, no. 9 (2018): 981—995.

Hall, Lars, Petter Johansson, Betty Tärning, Sverker Sikström, and Thérèse Deutgen. “Magic at the Marketplace: Choice Blindness for the Taste of Jam and the Smell of Tea.” Cognition 117, no. 1 (2010): 54—61.

Hamilton, Edith, Huntington Cairns, and Lane Cooper. The Collected Dialogues of Plato. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1961.

Hampton, R. R. “Rhesus Monkeys Know When They Remember.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98, no. 9 (2001): 5359—5362.

Harari, Yuval Noah. 21 Lessons for the 21st Century. London: Jonathan Cape, 2018.

Hart, J. T. “Memory and the Feeling-of-Knowing Experience.” Journal of Educational Psychology 56, no. 4 (1965): 208—216.

Harty, S., I. H. Robertson, C. Miniussi, O. C. Sheehy, C. A. Devine, S. McCreery, and R. G. O’Connell. “Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation over Right Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Enhances Error Awareness in Older Age.” Journal of Neuroscience 34, no. 10 (2014): 3646—3652.

Harvey, Philip D. “Reality Monitoring in Mania and Schizophrenia: The Association of Thought Disorder and Performance.” Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 173, no. 2 (1985): 67—73.

Hasbroucq, T., C. A. Possamaï, M. Bonnet, and F. Vidal. “Effect of the Irrelevant Location of the Response Signal on Choice Reaction Time: An Electromyographic Study in Humans.” Psychophysiology 36, no. 4 (1999): 522—526.

Hauser, Tobias U., Micah Allen, Nina Purg, Michael Moutoussis, Geraint Rees, and Raymond J. Dolan. “Noradrenaline Blockade Specifically Enhances Metacognitive Performance.” eLife 6 (2017): 468.

Helmholtz, H. L. F. Treatise on Physiological Optics. London: Thoemmes Continuum, 1856.

Hembacher, Emily, and Simona Ghetti. “Don’t Look at My Answer: Subjective Uncertainty Underlies Preschoolers’ Exclusion of Their Least Accurate Memories.” Psychological Science 25, no. 9 (2014): 1768—1776.

Herculano-Houzel, Suzana. The Human Advantage: A New Understanding of How Our Brain Became Remarkable. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2016.

Herculano-Houzel, Suzana, Kamilla Avelino-de-Souza, Kleber Neves, Jairo Porfírio, Débora Messeder, Larissa Mattos Feijó, José Maldonado, and Paul R. Manger. “The Elephant Brain in Numbers.” Frontiers in Neuroanatomy 8 (2014): 46.

Herculano-Houzel, Suzana, Christine E. Collins, Peiyan Wong, and Jon H. Kaas. “Cellular Scaling Rules for Primate Brains.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104, no. 9 (2007): 3562—3567.

Herculano-Houzel, Suzana, Bruno Mota, and Roberto Lent. “Cellular Scaling Rules for Rodent Brains.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103, no. 32 (2006): 12138—12143.

Hertz, Uri, Stefano Palminteri, Silvia Brunetti, Cecilie Olesen, Chris D. Frith, and Bahador Bahrami. “Neural Computations Underpinning the Strategic Management of Influence in Advice Giving.” Nature Communications 8, no. 1 (2017): 1—12.

Hester, Robert, L. Sanjay Nandam, Redmond G. O’Connell, Joe Wagner, Mark Strudwick, Pradeep J. Nathan, Jason B. Mattingley, and Mark A. Bellgrove. “Neurochemical Enhancement of Conscious Error Awareness.” Journal of Neuroscience 32, no. 8 (2012): 2619—2627.

Heyes, Cecilia. “Animal Mindreading: What’s the Problem?” Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 22, no. 2 (2015): 313—327.

. Cognitive Gadgets: The Cultural Evolution of Thinking. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2018.

. “Reflections on Self-Recognition in Primates.” Animal Behaviour 47, no. 4 (1994): 909—919.

Heyes, Cecilia, Dan Bang, Nicholas Shea, Chris D. Frith, and Stephen M. Fleming. “Knowing Ourselves Together: The Cultural Origins of Metacognition.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 24, no. 5 (2020): 349—362.

Heyes, Cecilia, and Chris D. Frith. “The Cultural Evolution of Mind Reading.” Science 344, no. 6190 (2014): 1243091.

Higham, P. A. “No Special K! A Signal Detection Framework for the Strategic Regulation of Memory Accuracy.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 136, no. 1 (2007): 1—22.

Hilgenstock, Raphael, Thomas Weiss, and Otto W. Witte. “You’d Better Think Twice: Post-Decision Perceptual Confidence.” NeuroImage 99 (2014): 323—331.

Hirstein, William. Brain Fiction: Self-Deception and the Riddle of Confabulation. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2005.

Hisey, Erin, Matthew Gene Kearney, and Richard Mooney. “A Common Neural Circuit Mechanism for Internally Guided and Externally Reinforced Forms of Motor Learning.” Nature Neuroscience 21, no. 4 (2018): 1—13.

Hochberg, Leigh R., Mijail D. Serruya, Gerhard M. Friehs, Jon A. Mukand, Maryam Saleh, Abraham H. Caplan, Almut Branner, David Chen, Richard D. Penn, and John P. Donoghue. “Neuronal Ensemble Control of Prosthetic Devices by a Human with Tetraplegia.” Nature 442, no. 7099 (2006): 164—171.

Hodges, Andrew. Alan Turing: The Enigma. London: Vintage, 1992.

Hohwy, Jakob. The Predictive Mind. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.

Hoven, Monja, Maël Lebreton, Jan B. Engelmann, Damiaan Denys, Judy Luigjes, and Ruth J. van Holst. “Abnormalities of Confidence in Psychiatry: An Overview and Future Perspectives.” Translational Psychiatry 9, no. 1 (2019): 1—18.

Howard, Charlotte E., Pilar Andrés, Paul Broks, Rupert Noad, Martin Sadler, Debbie Coker, and Giuliana Mazzoni. “Memory, Metamemory and Their Dissociation in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy.” Neuropsychologia 48, no. 4 (2010): 921—932.

Hu, Xiao, Zhaomin Liu, Tongtong Li, and Liang Luo. “Influence of Cue Word Perceptual Information on Metamemory Accuracy in Judgement of Learning.” Memory 24, no. 3 (2015): 1—16.

Hu, Xiao, Liang Luo, and Stephen M. Fleming. “A Role for Metamemory in Cognitive Offloading.” Cognition 193 (2019): 104012.

Hughes, Claire, Sara R. Jaffee, Francesca Happé, Alan Taylor, Avshalom Caspi, and Terrie E. Moffitt. “Origins of Individual Differences in Theory of Mind: From Nature to Nurture?” Child Development 76, no. 2 (2005): 356—370.

Insabato, Andrea, Mario Pannunzi, and Gustavo Deco. “Neural Correlates of Metacognition: A Critical Perspective on Current Tasks.” Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 71 (2016): 167—175.

Insabato, Andrea, Mario Pannunzi, Edmund T. Rolls, and Gustavo Deco. “Confidence-Related Decision Making.” Journal of Neurophysiology 104, no. 1 (2010): 539—547.

Ivanhoe, Philip J., trans. The Daodejing of Laozi. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing, 2003.

James, William. The Principles of Psychology. Vol. 1. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 1950.

Janowsky, J. S., Arthur P. Shimamura, M. Kritchevsky, and L. R. Squire. “Cognitive Impairment Following Frontal Lobe Damage and Its Relevance to Human Amnesia.” Behavioral Neuroscience 103, no. 3 (1989): 548.

Jenkins, Adrianna C., C. Neil Macrae, and Jason P. Mitchell. “Repetition Suppression of Ventromedial Prefrontal Activity During Judgments of Self and Others.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105, no. 11 (2008): 4507—4512.

Jiang, Xiaoming, Kira Gossack-Keenan, and Marc D. Pell. “To Believe or Not to Believe? How Voice and Accent Information in Speech Alter Listener Impressions of Trust.” Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 73, no. 1 (2020): 55—79.

Jiang, Xiaoming, and Marc D. Pell. “The Sound of Confidence and Doubt.” Speech Communication 88 (2017): 106—126.

Joensson, Morten, Kristine Rømer Thomsen, Lau M. Andersen, Joachim Gross, Kim Mouridsen, Kristian Sandberg, Leif —stergaard, and Hans C. Lou. “Making Sense: Dopamine Activates Conscious Self-Monitoring Through Medial Prefrontal Cortex.” Human Brain Mapping 36, no. 5 (2015): 1866—1877.

Johansson, Petter, Lars Hall, Sverker Sikstrom, and Andreas Olsson. “Failure to Detect Mismatches Between Intention and Outcome in a Simple Decision Task.” Science 310, no. 5745 (2005): 116—119.

Johnson, Dominic D. P., and James H. Fowler. “The Evolution of Overconfidence.” Nature 477, no. 7364 (2011): 317—320.

Johnson, Marcia K., and Carol L. Raye. “Reality Monitoring.” Psychological Review 88, no. 1 (1981): 67.

Jonas, Eric, and Konrad Paul Kording. “Could a Neuroscientist Understand a Microprocessor?” PLOS Computational Biology 13, no. 1 (2017): e1005268.

Jönsson, Fredrik U., Henrik Olsson, and Mats J. Olsson. “Odor Emotionality Affects the Confidence in Odor Naming.” Chemical Senses 30, no. 1 (2005): 29—35.

Jordano, Megan L., and Dayna R. Touron. “How Often Are Thoughts Metacognitive? Findings from Research on Self-Regulated Learning, Think-Aloud Protocols, and Mind-Wandering.” Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 25, no. 4 (2018): 1269—1286.

Kahneman, Daniel. Thinking, Fast and Slow. London: Penguin, 2012.

Kaminski, Juliane, Josep Call, and Michael Tomasello. “Chimpanzees Know What Others Know, but Not What They Believe.” Cognition 109, no. 2 (2008): 224—234.

Kao, Yun-Ching, Emily S. Davis, and John D. E. Gabrieli. “Neural Correlates of Actual and Predicted Memory Formation.” Nature Neuroscience 8, no. 12 (2005): 1776—1783.

Kappes, Andreas, Ann H. Harvey, Terry Lohrenz, P. Read Montague, and Tali Sharot. “Confirmation Bias in the Utilization of Others’ Opinion Strength.” Nature Neuroscience 23, no. 1 (2020): 130—137.

Karpicke, Jeffrey D. “Metacognitive Control and Strategy Selection: Deciding to Practice Retrieval During Learning.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 138, no. 4 (2009): 469—486.

Kay, Katty, and Claire Shipman. The Confidence Code: The Science and Art of Self-Assurance—What Women Should Know. New York: Harper Business, 2014.

Keene, Alex Ruck, Nuala B. Kane, Scott Y. H. Kim, and Gareth S. Owen. “Taking Capacity Seriously? Ten Years of Mental Capacity Disputes Before England’s Court of Protection.” International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 62 (2019): 56—76.

Kelley, W. M., C. N. Macrae, C. L. Wyland, S. Caglar, S. Inati, and T. F. Heatherton. “Finding the Self? An Event-Related fMRI Study.” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 14, no. 5 (2002): 785—794.

Kendall, Alex, and Yarin Gal. “What Uncertainties Do We Need in Bayesian Deep Learning for Computer Vision?” arXiv.org, October 5, 2017.

Kentridge, R. W., and C. A. Heywood. “Metacognition and Awareness.” Consciousness and Cognition 9, no. 2 (2000): 308—312.

Kepecs, Adam, Naoshige Uchida, Hatim A. Zariwala, and Zachary F. Mainen. “Neural Correlates, Computation and Behavioural Impact of Decision Confidence.” Nature 455, no. 7210 (2008): 227—231.

Kersten, Daniel, Pascal Mamassian, and Alan Yuille. “Object Perception as Bayesian Inference.” Annual Review of Psychology 55 (2004): 271—304.

Khaligh-Razavi, Seyed-Mahdi, and Nikolaus Kriegeskorte. “Deep Supervised, but Not Unsupervised, Models May Explain IT Cortical Representation.” PLOS Computational Biology 10, no. 11 (2014): e1003915.

Kiani, R., and M. N. Shadlen. “Representation of Confidence Associated with a Decision by Neurons in the Parietal Cortex.” Science 324, no. 5928 (2009): 759—764.

Klayman, Joshua. “Varieties of Confirmation Bias.” In The Psychology of Learning and Motivation. Vol. 32, edited by Jerome Busemeyer, Reid Hastie, Douglas L. Medin, 385—418. Cambridge, MA: Academic Press, 1995.

Kloo, Daniela, Michael Rohwer, and Josef Perner. “Direct and Indirect Admission of Ignorance by Children.” Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 159 (2017): 279—295.

Knoblich, Günther, Frank Stottmeister, and Tilo Kircher. “Self-Monitoring in Patients with Schizophrenia.” Psychological Medicine 34, no. 8 (2004): 1561.

Knoll, Abby R., Hajime Otani, Reid L. Skeel, and K. Roger van Horn. “Learning Style, Judgements of Learning, and Learning of Verbal and Visual Information.” British Journal of Psychology 108, no. 3 (2017): 544—563.

Ko, Yoshiaki, and Hakwan Lau. “A Detection Theoretic Explanation of Blindsight Suggests a Link Between Conscious Perception and Metacognition.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 367, no. 1594 (2012): 1401—1411.

Kohda, Masanori, Takashi Hotta, Tomohiro Takeyama, Satoshi Awata, Hirokazu Tanaka, Jun-ya Asai, and Alex L. Jordan. “If a Fish Can Pass the Mark Test, What Are the Implications for Consciousness and Self-Awareness Testing in Animals?” PLOS Biology 17, no. 2 (2019): e3000021.

Koizumi, Ai, Brian Maniscalco, and Hakwan Lau. “Does Perceptual Confidence Facilitate Cognitive Control?” Attention, Perception and Psychophysics 77, no. 4 (2015): 1295—1306.

Komura, Yutaka, Akihiko Nikkuni, Noriko Hirashima, Teppei Uetake, and Aki Miyamoto. “Responses of Pulvinar Neurons Reflect a Subject’s Confidence in Visual Categorization.” Nature Neuroscience 16, no. 6 (2013): 746—755.

Koriat, Asher. “When Are Two Heads Better than One and Why?” Science 336, no. 6079 (2012): 360—362.

Koriat, Asher, and Rakefet Ackerman. “Metacognition and Mindreading: Judgments of Learning for Self and Other During Self-Paced Study.” Consciousness and Cognition 19, no. 1 (2010): 251—264.

Koriat, Asher, and M. Goldsmith. “Monitoring and Control Processes in the Strategic Regulation of Memory Accuracy.” Psychological Review 103, no. 3 (1996): 490—517.

Kornell, Nate. “Optimising Learning Using Flashcards: Spacing Is More Effective than Cramming.” Applied Cognitive Psychology 23, no. 9 (2009): 1297—1317.

Kornell, Nate, and Janet Metcalfe. “Study Efficacy and the Region of Proximal Learning Framework.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition 32, no. 3 (2006): 609.

Kornell, Nate, and Lisa K. Son. “Learners’ Choices and Beliefs About Self-Testing.” Memory 17, no. 5 (2009): 493—501.

Kornell, Nate, Lisa K. Son, and H. S. Terrace. “Transfer of Metacognitive Skills and Hint Seeking in Monkeys.” Psychological Science 18, no. 1 (2007): 64—71.

Kriegeskorte, Nikolaus. “Deep Neural Networks: A New Framework for Modeling Biological Vision and Brain Information Processing.” Annual Review of Vision Science 1, no. 1 (2015): 417—446.

Krizhevsky, Alex, Ilya Sutskever, and Geoffrey E. Hinton. “ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks.” In Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems. Vol. 1, 1097—1105. Lake Tahoe, Nevada: Curran Associates Inc., 2012. http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2999134.2999257.

Krubitzer, Leah. “The Magnificent Compromise: Cortical Field Evolution in Mammals.” Neuron 56, no. 2 (2007): 201—208.

Kruger, J., and D. Dunning. “Unskilled and Unaware of It: How Difficulties in Recognizing One’s Own Incompetence Lead to Inflated Self-Assessments.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 77, no. 6 (1999): 1121—1134.

Krupenye, Christopher, and Josep Call. “Theory of Mind in Animals: Current and Future Directions.” WIREs Cognitive Science 10, no. 6 (2019): e1503.

Kulke, Louisa, and Hannes Rakoczy. “Implicit Theory of Mind—an Overview of Current Replications and Non-Replications.” Data in Brief 16 (2017): 101—104.

La Berge, S. P., L. E. Nagel, W. C. Dement, and V. P. Zarcone. “Lucid Dreaming Verified by Volitional Communication During REM Sleep.” Perceptual and Motor Skills 52, no. 3 (1981): 727—732.

Lak, Armin, Gil M. Costa, Erin Romberg, Alexei A. Koulakov, Zachary F. Mainen, and Adam Kepecs. “Orbitofrontal Cortex Is Required for Optimal Waiting Based on Decision Confidence.” Neuron 84, no. 1 (2014): 190—201.

Landman, Rogier, Henk Spekreijse, and Victor A. F. Lamme. “Large Capacity Storage of Integrated Objects Before Change Blindness.” Vision Research 43, no. 2 (2003): 149—164.

Lau, Hakwan, and David Rosenthal. “Empirical Support for Higher-Order Theories of Conscious Awareness.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 15, no. 8 (2011): 365—373.

Lau, Hakwan, and R. E. Passingham. “Relative Blindsight in Normal Observers and the Neural Correlate of Visual Consciousness.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103, no. 49 (2006): 18763—18768.

Leary, Mark R. The Curse of the Self: Self-Awareness, Egotism, and the Quality of Human Life. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.

Leary, Mark R., Kate J. Diebels, Erin K. Davisson, Katrina P. Jongman-Sereno, Jennifer C. Isherwood, Kaitlin T. Raimi, Samantha A. Deffler, and Rick H. Hoyle. “Cognitive and Interpersonal Features of Intellectual Humility.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 43, no. 6 (2017): 793—813.

LeDoux, Joseph. Anxious: Using the Brain to Understand and Treat Fear and Anxiety. 2015. Reprint, New York: Penguin, 2016.

LeDoux, Joseph E., and Richard Brown. “A Higher-Order Theory of Emotional Consciousness.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 114, no. 10 (2017): E2016—E2025.

Lemaitre, Anne-Laure, Guillaume Herbet, Hugues Duffau, and Gilles Lafargue. “Preserved Metacognitive Ability Despite Unilateral or Bilateral Anterior Prefrontal Resection.” Brain and Cognition 120 (2018): 48—57.

Lerch, Jason P., Adelaide P. Yiu, Alonso Martinez-Canabal, Tetyana Pekar, Veronique D. Bohbot, Paul W. Frankland, R. Mark Henkelman, Sheena A. Josselyn, and John G. Sled. “Maze Training in Mice Induces MRI-Detectable Brain Shape Changes Specific to the Type of Learning.” NeuroImage 54, no. 3 (2011): 2086—2095.

Leslie, John. The Philosophy of Arithmetic: Exhibiting a Progressive View of the Theory and Practice of Calculation, with an Enlarged Table of the Products of Numbers Under One Hundred. Edinburgh: Constable and Co., 1817.

Lewis, Michael, and Douglas Ramsay. “Development of Self-Recognition, Personal Pronoun Use, and Pretend Play During the 2nd Year.” Child Development 75, no. 6 (2004): 1821—1831.

Linnaeus, Carl. Systema naturae, sive regna tria naturae systematice proposita per classes, ordines, genera, & species. Lugdunum Batavorum, Netherlands, 1735.

Lockhart, Kristi L., Mariel K. Goddu, Eric D. Smith, and Frank C. Keil. “What Could You Really Learn on Your Own?: Understanding the Epistemic Limitations of Knowledge Acquisition.” Child Development 87, no. 2 (2016): 477—493.

Lockl, Kathrin, and Wolfgang Schneider. “Knowledge About the Mind: Links Between Theory of Mind and Later Metamemory.” Child Development 78, no. 1 (2007): 148—167.

Logan, Gordon D., and Matthew J. C. Crump. “Cognitive Illusions of Authorship Reveal Hierarchical Error Detection in Skilled Typists.” Science 330, no. 6004 (2010): 683—686.

. “Hierarchical Control of Cognitive Processes: The Case for Skilled Typewriting.” In The Psychology of Learning and Motivation: Advances in Research and Theory. Vol. 54, edited by Brian H. Ross, 1—27. Cambridge, MA: Academic Press, 2011.

. “The Left Hand Doesn’t Know What the Right Hand Is Doing: The Disruptive Effects of Attention to the Hands in Skilled Typewriting.” Psychological Science 20, no. 10 (2009): 1296—1300.

Logan, Gordon D., and N. Jane Zbrodoff. “Stroop-Type Interference: Congruity Effects in Color Naming with Typewritten Responses.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 24, no. 3 (1998): 978—992.

Lou, Hans C., J. P. Changeux, and A. Rosenstand. “Towards a Cognitive Neuroscience of Self-Awareness.” Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 83 (2017): 765—773.

Lou, Hans C., Bruce Luber, Michael Crupain, Julian P. Keenan, Markus Nowak, Troels W. Kjaer, Harold A. Sackeim, and Sarah H. Lisanby. “Parietal Cortex and Representation of the Mental Self.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101, no. 17 (2004): 6827—6832.

Ma, W. J., J. M. Beck, P. E. Latham, and A. Pouget. “Bayesian Inference with Probabilistic Population Codes.” Nature Neuroscience 9, no. 11 (2006): 1432—1438.

Maguire, E. A., D. G. Gadian, I. S. Johnsrude, C. D. Good, J. Ashburner, R. S. Frackowiak, and Chris D. Frith. “Navigation-Related Structural Change in the Hippocampi of Taxi Drivers.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 97, no. 8 (2000): 4398—4403.

Mandler, George. A History of Modern Experimental Psychology: From James and Wundt to Cognitive Science. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2011.

Maniscalco, Brian, and Hakwan Lau. “A Signal Detection Theoretic Approach for Estimating Metacognitive Sensitivity from Confidence Ratings.” Consciousness and Cognition 21, no. 1 (2012): 422—430.

Mansouri, Farshad Alizadeh, Etienne Koechlin, Marcello G. P. Rosa, and Mark J. Buckley. “Managing Competing Goals—a Key Role for the Frontopolar Cortex.” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 18, no. 11 (2017): 645.

Marcus, Gary, and Ernest Davis. Rebooting AI: Building Artificial Intelligence We Can Trust. New York: Pantheon, 2019.

Margulies, Daniel S., Satrajit S. Ghosh, Alexandros Goulas, Marcel Falkiewicz, Julia M. Huntenburg, Georg Langs, Glen Bezgin et al. “Situating the Default-Mode Network Along a Principal Gradient of Macroscale Cortical Organization.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 44 (2016): 12574—12579.

Marr, D., and T. Poggio. “From Understanding Computation to Understanding Neural Circuitry.” Massachusetts Institute of Technology Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, AI Memo No. 357, 1976.

Marsh, Henry. Admissions: A Life in Brain Surgery. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2017.

Mayer, Andreas, and Birgit E. Träuble. “Synchrony in the Onset of Mental State Understanding Across Cultures? A Study Among Children in Samoa.” International Journal of Behavioral Development 37, no. 1 (2013): 21—28.

Mazancieux, Audrey, Stephen M. Fleming, Céline Souchay, and Chris J. A. Moulin. “Is There a G Factor for Metacognition? Correlations in Retrospective Metacognitive Sensitivity Across Tasks.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 149, no. 9 (2020): 1788—1799.

McBrearty, Sally, and Alison S. Brooks. “The Revolution That Wasn’t: A New Interpretation of the Origin of Modern Human Behavior.” Journal of Human Evolution 39, no. 5 (2000): 453—563.

McCurdy, Li Yan, Brian Maniscalco, Janet Metcalfe, Ka Yuet Liu, Floris P. de Lange, and Hakwan Lau. “Anatomical Coupling Between Distinct Metacognitive Systems for Memory and Visual Perception.” Journal of Neuroscience 33, no. 5 (2013): 1897—1906.

McGrayne, Sharon Bertsch. The Theory That Would Not Die: How Bayes’ Rule Cracked the Enigma Code, Hunted Down Russian Submarines, and Emerged Triumphant from Two Centuries of Controversy. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2012.

McGurk, Harry, and John MacDonald. “Hearing Lips and Seeing Voices.” Nature 264, no. 5588 (1976): 746—748.

Meckler, Cédric, Laurence Carbonnell, Céline Ramdani, Thierry Hasbroucq, and Franck Vidal. “On-Line Action Monitoring of Response Execution: An Electrophysiological Study.” Biological Psychology 129 (2017): 178—185.

Mesulam, M. M. “From Sensation to Cognition.” Brain 121, no. 6 (1998): 1013—1052.

Metcalfe, Janet. “Metacognitive Judgments and Control of Study.” Current Directions in Psychological Science, June 1, 2009.

Metcalfe, Janet, and Brigid Finn. “Evidence That Judgments of Learning Are Causally Related to Study Choice.” Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 15, no. 1 (2008): 174—179.

Metcalfe, Janet, and Nate Kornell. “The Dynamics of Learning and Allocation of Study Time to a Region of Proximal Learning.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 132, no. 4 (2003): 530—542.

. “A Region of Proximal Learning Model of Study Time Allocation.” Journal of Memory and Language 52, no. 4 (2005): 463—477.

Metcalfe, Janet, and Arthur P. Shimamura, eds. Metacognition: Knowing About Knowing. 1994. Reprint, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996.

Metcalfe, Janet, and Lisa K. Son. “Anoetic, Noetic, and Autonoetic Metacognition.” In Foundations of Metacognition, edited by Michael Beran, Johannes Brandl, Josef Perner, and Joëlle Proust. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.

Metcalfe, Janet, Jared X. van Snellenberg, Pamela Derosse, Peter Balsam, and Anil K. Malhotra. “Judgements of Agency in Schizophrenia: An Impairment in Autonoetic Metacognition.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 367, no. 1594 (2012): 1391—1400.

Metzinger, Thomas. “M-Autonomy.” Journal of Consciousness Studies 22, nos. 11—12 (2015): 270—302.

Meyniel, Florent, Daniel Schlunegger, and Stanislas Dehaene. “The Sense of Confidence During Probabilistic Learning: A Normative Account.” PLOS Computational Biology 11, no. 6 (2015): e1004305.

Meyniel, Florent, Mariano Sigman, and Zachary F. Mainen. “Confidence as Bayesian Probability: From Neural Origins to Behavior.” Neuron 88, no. 1 (2015): 78—92.

Michalsky, Tova, Zemira R. Mevarech, and Liora Haibi. “Elementary School Children Reading Scientific Texts: Effects of Metacognitive Instruction.” Journal of Educational Research 102, no. 5 (2009): 363—376.

Michel, Matthias, and Jorge Morales. “Minority Reports: Consciousness and the Prefrontal Cortex.” Mind & Language 35, no. 4 (2020): 493—513.

Middlebrooks, Paul G., and Marc A. Sommer. “Neuronal Correlates of Metacognition in Primate Frontal Cortex.” Neuron 75, no. 3 (2012): 517—530.

Mill, John Stuart. Auguste Comte and Positivism: Reprinted from the Westminster Review. London: N. Trübner, 1865.

Mirels, Herbert L., Paul Greblo, and Janet B. Dean. “Judgmental Self-Doubt: Beliefs About One’s Judgmental Prowess.” Personality and Individual Differences 33, no. 5 (2002): 741—758.

Mitchell, Jason P., C. Neil Macrae, and Mahzarin R. Banaji. “Dissociable Medial Prefrontal Contributions to Judgments of Similar and Dissimilar Others.” Neuron 50, no. 4 (2006): 655—663.

Miyamoto, Kentaro, Takahiro Osada, Rieko Setsuie, Masaki Takeda, Keita Tamura, Yusuke Adachi, and Yasushi Miyashita. “Causal Neural Network of Metamemory for Retrospection in Primates.” Science 355, no. 6321 (2017): 188—193.

Miyamoto, Kentaro, Rieko Setsuie, Takahiro Osada, and Yasushi Miyashita. “Reversible Silencing of the Frontopolar Cortex Selectively Impairs Metacognitive Judgment on Non-experience in Primates.” Neuron 97, no. 4 (2018): 980—989.e6.

Modirrousta, Mandana, and Lesley K. Fellows. “Medial Prefrontal Cortex Plays a Critical and Selective Role in ’Feeling of Knowing’ Meta-Memory Judgments.” Neuropsychologia 46, no. 12 (2008): 2958—2965.

Moeller, Scott J., and Rita Z. Goldstein. “Impaired Self-Awareness in Human Addiction: Deficient Attribution of Personal Relevance.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 18, no. 12 (2014).

Moore, James W., David Lagnado, Darvany C. Deal, and Patrick Haggard. “Feelings of Control: Contingency Determines Experience of Action.” Cognition 110, no. 2 (2009): 279—283.

Morales, Jorge, Hakwan Lau, and Stephen M. Fleming. “Domain-General and Domain-Specific Patterns of Activity Supporting Metacognition in Human Prefrontal Cortex.” Journal of Neuroscience 38, no. 14 (2018): 3534—3546.

Moritz, Steffen, and Todd S. Woodward. “Metacognitive Training in Schizophrenia: From Basic Research to Knowledge Translation and Intervention.” Current Opinion in Psychiatry 20, no. 6 (2007): 619—625.

Moritz, Steffen, Christina Andreou, Brooke C. Schneider, Charlotte E. Wittekind, Mahesh Menon, Ryan P. Balzan, and Todd S. Woodward. “Sowing the Seeds of Doubt: A Narrative Review on Metacognitive Training in Schizophrenia.” Clinical Psychology Review 34, no. 4 (2014): 358—366.

Morris, Robin G., and Daniel C. Mograbi. “Anosognosia, Autobiographical Memory and Self Knowledge in Alzheimer’s Disease.” Cortex 49, no. 6 (2013): 1553—1565.

Moulin, Chris J. A., Timothy J. Perfect, and Roy W. Jones. “Evidence for Intact Memory Monitoring in Alzheimer’s Disease: Metamemory Sensitivity at Encoding.” Neuropsychologia 38, no. 9 (2000): 1242—1250.

Mueller, Pam A., and Daniel M. Oppenheimer. “The Pen Is Mightier than the Keyboard: Advantages of Longhand over Laptop Note Taking.” Psychological Science 25, no. 6 (2014): 1159—1168.

National Research Council. Identifying the Culprit: Assessing Eyewitness Identification. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2015.

Nelson, T. O. “A Comparison of Current Measures of the Accuracy of Feeling-of-Knowing Predictions.” Psychological Bulletin 95 (1984): 109—133.

Nelson, T. O., J. Dunlosky, D. M. White, J. Steinberg, B. D. Townes, and D. Anderson. “Cognition and Metacognition at Extreme Altitudes on Mount Everest.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 119, no. 4 (1990): 367—374.

Nelson, T. O., and L. Narens. “Metamemory: A Theoretical Framework and New Findings.” In Psychology of Learning and Motivation: Advances in Research and Theory. Vol. 26, edited by Gordon H. Bower, 125—173. Cambridge, MA: Academic Press, 1990.

Nestor, James. Deep: Freediving, Renegade Science, and What the Ocean Tells Us About Ourselves. Boston: Eamon Dolan, 2014.

Neubert, Franz-Xaver, Rogier B. Mars, Adam G. Thomas, Jérôme Sallet, and Matthew F. S. Rushworth. “Comparison of Human Ventral Frontal Cortex Areas for Cognitive Control and Language with Areas in Monkey Frontal Cortex.” Neuron 81, no. 3 (2014): 700—713.

Nicholson, Toby, David M. Williams, Catherine Grainger, Sophie E. Lind, and Peter Carruthers. “Relationships Between Implicit and Explicit Uncertainty Monitoring and Mindreading: Evidence from Autism Spectrum Disorder.” Consciousness and Cognition 70 (2019): 11—24.

Nicholson, Toby, David M. Williams, Sophie E. Lind, Catherine Grainger, and Peter Carruthers. “Linking Metacognition and Mindreading: Evidence from Autism and Dual-Task Investigations.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, September 10, 2020 (epub ahead of print).

Nieuwenhuis, S., K. R. Ridderinkhof, J. Blom, G. P. H. Band, and A. Kok. “Error-Related Brain Potentials Are Differentially Related to Awareness of Response Errors: Evidence from an Antisaccade Task.” Psychophysiology 38, no. 5 (2001): 752—760.

Nisbett, R. E., and T. D. Wilson. “Telling More Than We Can Know: Verbal Reports on Mental Processes.” Psychological Review 84, no. 3 (1977): 231.

Norman, Donald A., and Tim Shallice. “Attention to Action.” In Consciousness and Self-Regulation, 1—18. Boston: Springer, 1986.

Northoff, G., A. Heinzel, M. de Greck, F. Bermpohl, H. Dobrowolny, and J. Panksepp. “Self-Referential Processing in Our Brain—a Meta-Analysis of Imaging Studies on the Self.” Neuroimage 31, no. 1 (2006): 440—457.

O’Doherty, J. P., P. Dayan, K. Friston, H. Critchley, and R. J. Dolan. “Temporal Difference Models and Reward-Related Learning in the Human Brain.” Neuron 38, no. 2 (2003): 329—337.

Ochsner, Kevin N., Kyle Knierim, David H. Ludlow, Josh Hanelin, Tara Ramachandran, Gary Glover, and Sean C. Mackey. “Reflecting upon Feelings: An fMRI Study of Neural Systems Supporting the Attribution of Emotion to Self and Other.” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 16, no. 10 (2004): 1746—1772.

Olkowicz, Seweryn, Martin Kocourek, Radek K. Lučan, Michal Porteš, W. Tecumseh Fitch, Suzana Herculano-Houzel, and Pavel Němec. “Birds Have Primate-Like Numbers of Neurons in the Forebrain.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 26 (2016): 7255—7260.

Onishi, Kristine H., and Renée Baillargeon. “Do 15-Month-Old Infants Understand False Beliefs?” Science 308, no. 5719 (2005): 255—258.

Open Science Collaboration. “Estimating the Reproducibility of Psychological Science.” Science 349, no. 6251 (2015).

Ortoleva, Pietro, and Erik Snowberg. “Overconfidence in Political Behavior.” American Economic Review 105, no. 2 (2015): 504—535.

Palser, E. R., A. Fotopoulou, and J. M. Kilner. “Altering Movement Parameters Disrupts Metacognitive Accuracy.” Consciousness and Cognition 57 (2018): 33—40.

Panagiotaropoulos, Theofanis I., Gustavo Deco, Vishal Kapoor, and Nikos K. Logothetis. “Neuronal Discharges and Gamma Oscillations Explicitly Reflect Visual Consciousness in the Lateral Prefrontal Cortex.” Neuron 74, no. 5 (2012): 924—935.

Pannu, J. K., and A. W. Kaszniak. “Metamemory Experiments in Neurological Populations: A Review.” Neuropsychology Review 15, no. 3 (2005): 105—130.

Park, JaeHong, Prabhudev Konana, Bin Gu, Alok Kumar, and Rajagopal Raghunathan. “Confirmation Bias, Overconfidence, and Investment Performance: Evidence from Stock Message Boards.” McCombs Research Paper Series No. IROM-07-10 (2010).

Pasquali, Antoine, Bert Timmermans, and Axel Cleeremans. “Know Thyself: Metacognitive Networks and Measures of Consciousness.” Cognition 117, no. 2 (2010): 182—190.

Passingham, R. E., S. L. Bengtsson, and Hakwan Lau. “Medial Frontal Cortex: From Self-Generated Action to Reflection on One’s Own Performance.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 14, no. 1 (2010): 16—21.

Passingham, R. E., and Hakwan Lau. “Acting, Seeing, and Conscious Awareness.” Neuropsychologia 128 (2019): 241—248.

Patel, D., Stephen M. Fleming, and J. M. Kilner. “Inferring Subjective States Through the Observation of Actions.” Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1748 (2012): 4853—4860.

Paulus, Markus, Joëlle Proust, and Beate Sodian. “Examining Implicit Metacognition in 3.5-Year-Old Children: An Eye-Tracking and Pupillometric Study.” Frontiers in Psychology 4 (2013): 145.

Peirce, Charles Sanders, and Joseph Jastrow. “On Small Differences in Sensation.” Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences 3 (1885): 73—83.

Pennycook, Gordon, Jonathan A. Fugelsang, and Derek J. Koehler. “Everyday Associations of Analytic Thinking.” Current Directions in Psychological Science 24, no. 6 (2015): 425—432.

Pennycook, Gordon, and David G. Rand. “Lazy, Not Biased: Susceptibility to Partisan Fake News Is Better Explained by Lack of Reasoning Than by Motivated Reasoning.” Cognition 188 (2019): 39—50.

Pereira, Michael, Nathan Faivre, Iñaki Iturrate, Marco Wirthlin, Luana Serafini, Stéphanie Martin, Arnaud Desvachez, Olaf Blanke, Dimitri van de Ville, and José del R Millán. “Disentangling the Origins of Confidence in Speeded Perceptual Judgments Through Multimodal Imaging.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 15 (2020): 8382—8390.

Perner, Josef. “MiniMeta: In Search of Minimal Criteria for Metacognition.” In Foundations of Metacognition, edited by Michael J. Beran, Johannes Brandl, Josef Perner, and Joëlle Proust, 94—116. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.

Persaud, Navindra, Matthew Davidson, Brian Maniscalco, Dean Mobbs, R. E. Passingham, Alan Cowey, and Hakwan Lau. “Awareness-Related Activity in Prefrontal and Parietal Cortices in Blindsight Reflects More than Superior Visual Performance.” NeuroImage 58, no. 2 (2011): 605—611.

Persaud, Navindra, P. McLeod, and A. Cowey. “Post-Decision Wagering Objectively Measures Awareness.” Nature Neuroscience 10, no. 2 (2007): 257—261.

Peters, Megan A. K., Thomas Thesen, Yoshiaki D. Ko, Brian Maniscalco, Chad Carlson, Matt Davidson, Werner Doyle, Ruben Kuzniecky, Orrin Devinsky, Eric Halgren, and Hakwan Lau. “Perceptual Confidence Neglects Decision-Incongruent Evidence in the Brain.” Nature Human Behaviour 1, no. 7 (2017): 0139.

Pezzulo, Giovanni, Francesco Rigoli, and Karl Friston. “Active Inference, Homeostatic Regulation and Adaptive Behavioural Control.” Progress in Neurobiology 134 (2015): 17—35.

Phillips, Ian. “Blindsight Is Qualitatively Degraded Conscious Vision.” Psychological Review, August 6, 2020 (epub ahead of print).

. “The Methodological Puzzle of Phenomenal Consciousness.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 373, no. 1755 (2018): 20170347.

Pick, Herbert L., David H. Warren, and John C. Hay. “Sensory Conflict in Judgments of Spatial Direction.” Perception & Psychophysics 6, no. 4 (1969): 203—205.

Pitt, David. “Mental Representation.” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by Edward N. Zalta. Stanford, CA: Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, Winter 2018. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2018/entries/mental-representation/.

Pittampalli, Al. Persuadable: How Great Leaders Change Their Minds to Change the World. New York: Harper Business, 2016.

Poldrack, Russell A., Chris I. Baker, Joke Durnez, Krzysztof J. Gorgolewski, Paul M. Matthews, Marcus R. Munafò, Thomas E. Nichols, Jean-Baptiste Poline, Edward Vul, and Tal Yarkoni. “Scanning the Horizon: Towards Transparent and Reproducible Neuroimaging Research.” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 18, no. 2 (2017): 115—126.

Premack, David, and Guy Woodruff. “Does the Chimpanzee Have a Theory of Mind?” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1, no. 4 (1978): 515—526.

Programme for International Student Assessment. Results: Ready to Learn: Students’ Engagement, Drive and Self-Beliefs. Paris: OECD Publishing, 2013.

Proust, Joëlle. The Philosophy of Metacognition: Mental Agency and Self-Awareness. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.

Pulford, Briony D., Andrew M. Colman, Eike K. Buabang, and Eva M. Krockow. “The Persuasive Power of Knowledge: Testing the Confidence Heuristic.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 147, no. 10 (2018): 1431.

Pyers, Jennie E., and Ann Senghas. “Language Promotes False-Belief Understanding.” Psychological Science 20, no. 7 (2009): 805—812.

Qiu, Lirong, Jie Su, Yinmei Ni, Yang Bai, Xuesong Zhang, Xiaoli Li, and Xiaohong Wan. “The Neural System of Metacognition Accompanying Decision-Making in the Prefrontal Cortex.” PLOS Biology 16, no. 4 (2018): e2004037.

Rabbitt, P. “Error Correction Time Without External Error Signals.” Nature 212, no. 5060 (1966): 438.

Rabbitt, P., and B. Rodgers. “What Does a Man Do After He Makes an Error? An Analysis of Response Programming.” Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 29, no. 4 (1977): 727—743.

Ramnani, Narender, and Adrian M. Owen. “Anterior Prefrontal Cortex: Insights into Function from Anatomy and Neuroimaging.” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 5, no. 3 (2004): 184—194.

Reber, Rolf, and Norbert Schwarz. “Effects of Perceptual Fluency on Judgments of Truth.” Consciousness and Cognition 8, no. 3 (1999): 338—342.

Renz, Ursula, ed. Self-Knowledge: A History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017.

Reyes, Gabriel, Jaime R. Silva, Karina Jaramillo, Lucio Rehbein, and Jérôme Sackur. “Self-Knowledge Dim-Out: Stress Impairs Metacognitive Accuracy.” PLOS One 10, no. 8 (2015).

Reyes, Gabriel, Anastassia Vivanco-Carlevari, Franco Medina, Carolina Manosalva, Vincent de Gardelle, Jérôme Sackur, and Jaime R. Silva. “Hydrocortisone Decreases Metacognitive Efficiency Independent of Perceived Stress.” Scientific Reports 10, no. 1 (2020): 1—9.

Reynolds, R. F., and A. M. Bronstein. “The Broken Escalator Phenomenon.” Experimental Brain Research 151, no. 3 (2003): 301—308.

Ribas-Fernandes, J. J. F., A. Solway, C. Diuk, J. T. McGuire, A. G. Barto, Y. Niv, and M. M. Botvinick. “A Neural Signature of Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning.” Neuron 71, no. 2 (2011): 370—379.

Risko, Evan F., and Sam J. Gilbert. “Cognitive Offloading.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 20, no. 9 (2016): 676—688.

Ro, Tony, Dominique Shelton, Olivia L. Lee, and Erik Chang. “Extrageniculate Mediation of Unconscious Vision in Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation-Induced Blindsight.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101, no. 26 (2004): 9933—9935.

Roca, Maria, Teresa Torralva, Ezequiel Gleichgerrcht, Alexandra Woolgar, Russell Thompson, John Duncan, and Facundo Manes. “The Role of Area 10 (Ba10) in Human Multitasking and in Social Cognition: A Lesion Study.” Neuropsychologia 49, no. 13 (2011): 3525—3531.

Rohrer, Julia, Warren Tierney, Eric L. Uhlmann, Lisa M. DeBruine, Tom Heymann, Benedict Jones, Stefan C. Schmukle, et al. “Putting the Self in Self-Correction: Findings from the Loss-of-Confidence Project.” Perspectives on Psychological Science, in press.

Rohwer, Michael, Daniela Kloo, and Josef Perner. “Escape from Metaignorance: How Children Develop an Understanding of Their Own Lack of Knowledge.” Child Development 83, no. 6 (2012): 1869—1883.

Rollwage, Max, Raymond J. Dolan, and Stephen M. Fleming. “Metacognitive Failure as a Feature of Those Holding Radical Beliefs.” Current Biology 28, no. 24 (2018): 4014—4021.e8.

Rollwage, Max, and Stephen M. Fleming. “Confirmation Bias Is Adaptive When Coupled with Efficient Metacognition.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, in press.

Rollwage, Max, Alisa Loosen, Tobias U. Hauser, Rani Moran, Raymond J. Dolan, and Stephen M. Fleming. “Confidence Drives a Neural Confirmation Bias.” Nature Communications 11, no. 1 (2020): 1—11.

Ronfard, Samuel, and Kathleen H. Corriveau. “Teaching and Preschoolers’ Ability to Infer Knowledge from Mistakes.” Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 150 (2016): 87—98.

Rosenblatt, F. “The Perceptron: A Probabilistic Model for Information Storage and Organization in the Brain.” Psychological Review 65, no. 6 (1958): 386—408.

Rosenthal, David M. Consciousness and Mind. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.

Rouault, Marion, Peter Dayan, and Stephen M. Fleming. “Forming Global Estimates of Self-Performance from Local Confidence.” Nature Communications 10, no. 1 (2019): 1—11.

Rouault, Marion, and Stephen M. Fleming. “Formation of Global Self-Beliefs in the Human Brain.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 44 (2020): 27268—27276.

Rouault, Marion, Andrew McWilliams, Micah G. Allen, and Stephen M. Fleming. “Human Metacognition Across Domains: Insights from Individual Differences and Neuroimaging.” Personality Neuroscience 1 (2018).

Rouault, Marion, Tricia Seow, Claire M. Gillan, and Stephen M. Fleming. “Psychiatric Symptom Dimensions Are Associated with Dissociable Shifts in Metacognition but Not Task Performance.” Biological Psychiatry 84, no. 6 (2018): 443—451.

Rounis, Elisabeth, Brian Maniscalco, John C. Rothwell, Richard E. Passingham, and Hakwan Lau. “Theta-Burst Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to the Prefrontal Cortex Impairs Metacognitive Visual Awareness.” Cognitive Neuroscience 1, no. 3 (2010): 165—175.

Rumelhart, David E., Geoffrey E. Hinton, and Ronald J. Williams. “Learning Representations by Back-Propagating Errors.” Nature 323, no. 6088 (1986): 533—536.

Ryle, Gilbert. The Concept of Mind. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012.

Sahraie, A., L. Weiskrantz, J. L. Barbur, A. Simmons, S. C. R. Williams, and M. J. Brammer. “Pattern of Neuronal Activity Associated with Conscious and Unconscious Processing of Visual Signals.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 94, no. 17 (1997).

Samaha, Jason, Missy Switzky, and Bradley R. Postle. “Confidence Boosts Serial Dependence in Orientation Estimation.” Journal of Vision 19, no. 4 (2019): 25.

Samek, Wojciech, Grégoire Montavon, Andrea Vedaldi, Lars Kai Hansen, and Klaus-Robert Müller. Explainable AI: Interpreting, Explaining and Visualizing Deep Learning. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2019.

Schäfer, Anton Maximilian, and Hans-Georg Zimmermann. “Recurrent Neural Networks Are Universal Approximators.” International Journal of Neural Systems 17, no. 4 (2007): 253—263.

Schechtman, Marya. The Constitution of Selves. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1996.

Schellings, Gonny L. M., Bernadette H. A. M. van Hout-Wolters, Marcel V. J. Veenman, and Joost Meijer. “Assessing Metacognitive Activities: The In-Depth Comparison of a Task-Specific Questionnaire with Think-Aloud Protocols.” European Journal of Psychology of Education 28, no. 3 (2013): 963—990.

Schlerf, John E., Joseph M. Galea, Amy J. Bastian, and Pablo A. Celnik. “Dynamic Modulation of Cerebellar Excitability for Abrupt, but Not Gradual, Visuomotor Adaptation.” Journal of Neuroscience 32, no. 34 (2012): 11610—11617.

Schmid, Michael C., Sylwia W. Mrowka, Janita Turchi, Richard C. Saunders, Melanie Wilke, Andrew J. Peters, Frank Q. Ye, and David A. Leopold. “Blindsight Depends on the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus.” Nature 466, no. 7304 (2010): 373—377.

Schmidt, Carlos, Gabriel Reyes, Mauricio Barrientos, Álvaro I. Langer, and Jérôme Sackur. “Meditation Focused on Self-Observation of the Body Impairs Metacognitive Efficiency.” Consciousness and Cognition 70 (2019): 116—125.

Schmitz, Taylor W., Howard A. Rowley, Tisha N. Kawahara, and Sterling C. Johnson. “Neural Correlates of Self-Evaluative Accuracy After Traumatic Brain Injury.” Neuropsychologia 44, no. 5 (2006): 762—773.

Schneider, Peter, Michael Scherg, H. Günter Dosch, Hans J. Specht, Alexander Gutschalk, and André Rupp. “Morphology of Heschl’s Gyrus Reflects Enhanced Activation in the Auditory Cortex of Musicians.” Nature Neuroscience 5, no. 7 (2002): 688—694.

Schnyer, David M., Mieke Verfaellie, Michael P. Alexander, Ginette LaFleche, Lindsay Nicholls, and Alfred W Kaszniak. “A Role for Right Medial Prefrontal Cortex in Accurate Feeling-of-Knowing Judgements: Evidence from Patients with Lesions to Frontal Cortex.” Neuropsychologia 42, no. 7 (2004): 957—966.

Scholz, Jan, Miriam C. Klein, Timothy E. J. Behrens, and Heidi Johansen-Berg. “Training Induces Changes in White-Matter Architecture.” Nature Neuroscience 12, no. 11 (2009): 1370—1371.

Schooler, Jonathan W. “Re-Representing Consciousness: Dissociations Between Experience and Meta-Consciousness.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 6, no. 8 (2002): 339—344.

Schooler, Jonathan W., Jonathan Smallwood, Kalina Christoff, Todd C. Handy, Erik D. Reichle, and Michael A. Sayette. “Meta-Awareness, Perceptual Decoupling and the Wandering Mind.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 15, no. 7 (2011): 319—326.

Schultz, W., P. Dayan, and P. R. Montague. “A Neural Substrate of Prediction and Reward.” Science 275, no. 5306 (1997): 1593.

Schulz, Lion, Max Rollwage, Raymond J. Dolan, and Stephen M. Fleming. “Dogmatism Manifests in Lowered Information Search Under Uncertainty.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117, no. 49 (2020): 31527—31534.

Schurger, Aaron, Steven Gale, Olivia Gozel, and Olaf Blanke. “Performance Monitoring for Brain-Computer-Interface Actions.” Brain and Cognition 111 (2017): 44—50.

Scott, Rose M., and Renée Baillargeon. “Early False-Belief Understanding.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 21, no. 4 (2017): 237—249.

Semendeferi, Katerina, Kate Teffer, Dan P. Buxhoeveden, Min S. Park, Sebastian Bludau, Katrin Amunts, Katie Travis, and Joseph Buckwalter. “Spatial Organization of Neurons in the Frontal Pole Sets Humans Apart from Great Apes.” Cerebral Cortex 21, no. 7 (2010): 1485—1497.

Seth, Anil K. “Interoceptive Inference, Emotion, and the Embodied Self.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 17, no. 11 (2013): 565—573.

Seymour, Ben, John P. O’Doherty, Peter Dayan, Martin Koltzenburg, Anthony K. Jones, Raymond J. Dolan, Karl J. Friston, and Richard S. Frackowiak. “Temporal Difference Models Describe Higher-Order Learning in Humans.” Nature 429, no. 6992 (2004): 664—667.

Shea, Nicholas. Representation in Cognitive Science. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018.

Shea, Nicholas, Annika Boldt, Dan Bang, Nick Yeung, Cecilia Heyes, and Chris D. Frith. “Supra-Personal Cognitive Control and Metacognition.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 18, no. 4 (2014): 186—193.

Shekhar, Medha, and Dobromir Rahnev. “Distinguishing the Roles of Dorsolateral and Anterior PFC in Visual Metacognition.” Journal of Neuroscience 38, no. 22 (2018): 5078—5087.

. “The Nature of Metacognitive Inefficiency in Perceptual Decision-Making.” Psychological Review 128, no. 1 (2021): 45.

Shergill, Sukhwinder S., Paul M. Bays, Chris D. Frith, and Daniel M. Wolpert. “Two Eyes for an Eye: The Neuroscience of Force Escalation.” Science 301, no. 5630 (2003): 187.

Shidara, Munetaka, and Barry J. Richmond. “Anterior Cingulate: Single Neuronal Signals Related to Degree of Reward Expectancy.” Science 296, no. 5573 (2002): 1709—1711.

Shields, Wendy E., J. David Smith, and David A. Washburn. “Uncertain Responses by Humans and Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca mulatta) in a Psychophysical Same-Different Task.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 126, no. 2 (1997): 147.

Shimamura, Arthur P. “Toward a Cognitive Neuroscience of Metacognition.” Consciousness and Cognition 9, no. 2 (2000): 313—323.

Shimamura, Arthur P., and L. R. Squire. “Memory and Metamemory: A Study of the Feeling-of-Knowing Phenomenon in Amnesic Patients.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 12, no. 3 (1986): 452—460.

Siedlecka, Marta, Boryslaw Paulewicz, and Michal Wierzchoń. “But I Was So Sure! Metacognitive Judgments Are Less Accurate Given Prospectively Than Retrospectively.” Frontiers in Psychology 7, no. 240 (2016): 218.

Silver, David, Julian Schrittwieser, Karen Simonyan, Ioannis Antonoglou, Aja Huang, Arthur Guez, Thomas Hubert, et al. “Mastering the Game of Go Without Human Knowledge.” Nature 550, no. 7676 (2017): 354—359.

Simons, Daniel J. “Unskilled and Optimistic: Overconfident Predictions Despite Calibrated Knowledge of Relative Skill.” Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 20, no. 3 (2013): 601—607.

Simons, Jon S., Jane R. Garrison, and Marcia K. Johnson. “Brain Mechanisms of Reality Monitoring.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 21, no. 6 (2017): 462—473.

Simons, Jon S., Polly V. Peers, Yonatan S. Mazuz, Marian E. Berryhill, and Ingrid R. Olson. “Dissociation Between Memory Accuracy and Memory Confidence Following Bilateral Parietal Lesions.” Cerebral Cortex 20, no. 2 (2010): 479—485.

Sinclair, Alyssa H., Matthew L. Stanley, and Paul Seli. “Closed-Minded Cognition: Right-Wing Authoritarianism Is Negatively Related to Belief Updating Following Prediction Error.” Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, July 27, 2020, 1—14.

Smallwood, Jonathan, and Jonathan W. Schooler. “The Restless Mind.” Psychological Bulletin 132, no. 6 (2006): 946—958.

Smith, J. David, Jonathan Schull, Jared Strote, Kelli McGee, Roian Egnor, and Linda Erb. “The Uncertain Response in the Bottlenosed Dolphin (Tursiops Truncatus).” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 124, no. 4 (1995): 391—408.

Song, C., R. Kanai, Stephen M. Fleming, Rimona S. Weil, D. S. Schwarzkopf, and Geraint Rees. “Relating Inter-Individual Differences in Metacognitive Performance on Different Perceptual Tasks.” Consciousness and Cognition 20, no. 4 (2011): 1787—1792.

Sperber, Dan, and Hugo Mercier. The Enigma of Reason: A New Theory of Human Understanding. London: Allen Lane, 2017.

Sperling, George. “The Information Available in Brief Visual Presentations.” Psychological Monographs: General and Applied 74, no. 11 (1960): 1—29.

Stazicker, James. “Partial Report Is the Wrong Paradigm.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 373, no. 1755 (2018): 20170350.

Stephan, Klaas E., Zina M. Manjaly, Christoph D. Mathys, Lilian A. E. Weber, Saee Paliwal, Tim Gard, Marc Tittgemeyer, et al. “Allostatic Self-Efficacy: A Metacognitive Theory of Dyshomeostasis-Induced Fatigue and Depression.” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 10 (2016): 550.

Sterelny, Kim. “From Hominins to Humans: How Sapiens Became Behaviourally Modern.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 366, no. 1566 (2011): 809—822.

Sterling, Peter. “Allostasis: A Model of Predictive Regulation.” Physiology & Behavior 106, no. 1 (2012): 5—15.

Stuss, D. T., M. P. Alexander, A. Lieberman, and H. Levine. “An Extraordinary Form of Confabulation.” Neurology 28, no. 11 (1978): 1166—1172.

Summerfield, Jennifer J., Demis Hassabis, and Eleanor A. Maguire. “Cortical Midline Involvement in Autobiographical Memory.” NeuroImage 44, no. 3 (2009): 1188—1200.

Sunstein, Cass R., Sebastian Bobadilla-Suarez, Stephanie C. Lazzaro, and Tali Sharot. “How People Update Beliefs About Climate Change: Good News and Bad News.” Cornell Law Review 102 (2016): 1431.

Sutton, Richard S., and Andrew G. Barto. Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2018.

Talluri, Bharath Chandra, Anne E. Urai, Konstantinos Tsetsos, Marius Usher, and Tobias H. Donner. “Confirmation Bias Through Selective Overweighting of Choice-Consistent Evidence.” Current Biology 28, no. 19 (2018): 3128—3135.

Tauber, Sarah K., and Matthew G. Rhodes. “Metacognitive Errors Contribute to the Difficulty in Remembering Proper Names.” Memory 18, no. 5 (2010): 522—532.

Tegmark, Max. Life 3.0: Being Human in the Age of Artificial Intelligence. New York: Knopf, 2017.

Tetlock, Philip E., and Dan Gardner. Superforecasting: The Art and Science of Prediction. New York: Random House, 2016.

Thompson, Valerie A., Jamie A. Prowse Turner, Gordon Pennycook, Linden J. Ball, Hannah Brack, Yael Ophir, and Rakefet Ackerman. “The Role of Answer Fluency and Perceptual Fluency as Metacognitive Cues for Initiating Analytic Thinking.” Cognition 128, no. 2 (2013): 237—251.

Thornton, Mark A., Miriam E. Weaverdyck, Judith N. Mildner, and Diana I. Tamir. “People Represent Their Own Mental States More Distinctly Than Those of Others.” Nature Communications 10, no. 1 (2019): 2117.

Toner, Kaitlin, Mark R. Leary, Michael W. Asher, and Katrina P. Jongman-Sereno. “Feeling Superior Is a Bipartisan Issue: Extremity (Not Direction) of Political Views Predicts Perceived Belief Superiority.” Psychological Science, October 4, 2013.

Toplak, Maggie E., Richard F. West, and Keith E. Stanovich. “The Cognitive Reflection Test as a Predictor of Performance on Heuristics-and-Biases Tasks.” Memory & Cognition 39, no. 7 (2011): 1275.

Torrecillos, Flavie, Philippe Albouy, Thomas Brochier, and Nicole Malfait. “Does the Processing of Sensory and Reward-Prediction Errors Involve Common Neural Resources? Evidence from a Frontocentral Negative Potential Modulated by Movement Execution Errors.” Journal of Neuroscience 34, no. 14 (2014): 4845—4856.

Trouche, Emmanuel, Petter Johansson, Lars Hall, and Hugo Mercier. “The Selective Laziness of Reasoning.” Cognitive Science 40, no. 8 (2016): 2122—2136.

Tulving, Endel. “Memory and Consciousness.” Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne 26, no. 1 (1985): 1—12.

Turing, Alan Mathison. “On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem.” Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society 42, no. 1 (1937): 230—265.

Ullsperger, Markus, Helga A. Harsay, Jan R. Wessel, and K. Richard Ridderinkhof. “Conscious Perception of Errors and Its Relation to the Anterior Insula.” Brain Structure & Function 214, nos. 5—6 (2010): 629—643.

Vaccaro, Anthony G., and Stephen M. Fleming. “Thinking About Thinking: A Coordinate-Based Meta-Analysis of Neuroimaging Studies of Metacognitive Judgements.” Brain and Neuroscience Advances 2 (2018): 2398212818810591.

Van Dam, Nicholas T., Marieke K. van Vugt, David R. Vago, Laura Schmalzl, Clifford D. Saron, Andrew Olendzki, Ted Meissner, et al. “Mind the Hype: A Critical Evaluation and Prescriptive Agenda for Research on Mindfulness and Meditation.” Perspectives on Psychological Science 13, no. 1 (2018): 36—61.

Van den Berg, Ronald, Aspen H. Yoo, and Wei Ji Ma. “Fechner’s Law in Metacognition: A Quantitative Model of Visual Working Memory Confidence.” Psychological Review 124, no. 2 (2017): 197—214.

Van der Plas, Elisa, Anthony S. David, and Stephen M. Fleming. “Advice-Taking as a Bridge Between Decision Neuroscience and Mental Capacity.” International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 67 (2019): 101504.

Vannini, Patrizia, Federico d’Oleire Uquillas, Heidi I. L. Jacobs, Jorge Sepulcre, Jennifer Gatchel, Rebecca E. Amariglio, Bernard Hanseeuw, et al. “Decreased Meta-Memory Is Associated with Early Tauopathy in Cognitively Unimpaired Older Adults.” NeuroImage: Clinical 24 (2019): 102097.

Vilkki, Juhani, Antti Servo, and Outi Surma-aho. “Word List Learning and Prediction of Recall After Frontal Lobe Lesions.” Neuropsychology 12, no. 2 (1998): 268.

Vilkki, Juhani, Outi Surma-aho, and Antti Servo. “Inaccurate Prediction of Retrieval in a Face Matrix Learning Task After Right Frontal Lobe Lesions.” Neuropsychology 13, no. 2 (1999): 298.

Von Hippel, William, and Robert Trivers. “The Evolution and Psychology of Self-Deception.” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 34, no. 1 (2011): 1—16.

Voss, Ursula, Romain Holzmann, Allan Hobson, Walter Paulus, Judith Koppehele-Gossel, Ansgar Klimke, and Michael A. Nitsche. “Induction of Self Awareness in Dreams Through Frontal Low Current Stimulation of Gamma Activity.” Nature Neuroscience 17, no. 6 (2014): 810—812.

Vygotsky, Lev Semenovich. Thought and Language. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1986.

Wald, A. “Sequential Tests of Statistical Hypotheses.” Annals of Mathematical Statistics 16, no. 2 (1945): 117—186.

Walker, Mary Jean. “Neuroscience, Self-Understanding, and Narrative Truth.” AJOB Neuroscience 3, no. 4 (2012): 63—74.

Wallis, Jonathan D. “Cross-Species Studies of Orbitofrontal Cortex and Value-Based Decision-Making.” Nature Neuroscience 15, no. 1 (2011): 13—19.

Wang, Jane X., Zeb Kurth-Nelson, Dharshan Kumaran, Dhruva Tirumala, Hubert Soyer, Joel Z. Leibo, Demis Hassabis, and Matthew Botvinick. “Prefrontal Cortex as a Meta-Reinforcement Learning System.” Nature Neuroscience 21, no. 6 (2018): 860.

Wegner, Daniel M. The Illusion of Conscious Will. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2003.

Weil, Leonora G., Stephen M. Fleming, Iroise Dumontheil, Emma J. Kilford, Rimona S. Weil, Geraint Rees, Raymond J. Dolan, and Sarah-Jayne Blakemore. “The Development of Metacognitive Ability in Adolescence.” Consciousness and Cognition 22, no. 1 (2013): 264—271.

Weinberg, Robert, Daniel Gould, and Allen Jackson. “Expectations and Performance: An Empirical Test of Bandura’s Self-Efficacy Theory.” Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 1, no. 4 (1979): 320—331.

Weiskrantz, L., E. K. Warrington, M. D. Sanders, and J. Marshall. “Visual Capacity in the Hemianopic Field Following a Restricted Occipital Ablation.” Brain: A Journal of Neurology 97, no. 4 (1974): 709—728.

Wenke, Dorit, Stephen M. Fleming, and Patrick Haggard. “Subliminal Priming of Actions Influences Sense of Control over Effects of Action.” Cognition 115, no. 1 (2010): 26—38.

Wiesmann, Charlotte Grosse, Angela D. Friederici, Tania Singer, and Nikolaus Steinbeis. “Two Systems for Thinking About Others’ Thoughts in the Developing Brain.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 12 (2020): 6928—6935.

Will, Geert-Jan, Robb B. Rutledge, Michael Moutoussis, and Raymond J. Dolan. “Neural and Computational Processes Underlying Dynamic Changes in Self-Esteem.” eLife 6 (2017): e28098.

Wimmer, H., and J. Perner. “Beliefs About Beliefs: Representation and Constraining Function of Wrong Beliefs in Young Children’s Understanding of Deception.” Cognition 13, no. 1 (1983): 103—128.

Winkielman, Piotr, and Jonathan W. Schooler. “Unconscious, Conscious, and Metaconscious in Social Cognition.” In Social Cognition: The Basis of Human Interaction, 49—69. New York: Psychology Press, 2009.

Wixted, John T., and Gary L. Wells. “The Relationship Between Eyewitness Confidence and Identification Accuracy: A New Synthesis.” Psychological Science in the Public Interest 18, no. 1 (2017): 10—65.

Wolpert, D. M., and R. C. Miall. “Forward Models for Physiological Motor Control.” Neural Networks 9, no. 8 (1996): 1265—1279.

Woolgar, Alexandra, Alice Parr, Rhodri Cusack, Russell Thompson, Ian Nimmo-Smith, Teresa Torralva, Maria Roca, Nagui Antoun, Facundo Manes, and John Duncan. “Fluid Intelligence Loss Linked to Restricted Regions of Damage Within Frontal and Parietal Cortex.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107, no. 33 (2010): 14899—14902.

Woollett, Katherine, and Eleanor A. Maguire. “Acquiring ’The Knowledge’ of London’s Layout Drives Structural Brain Changes.” Current Biology 21, no. 24 (2011): 2109—2114.

Ye, Qun, Futing Zou, Hakwan Lau, Yi Hu, and Sze Chai Kwok. “Causal Evidence for Mnemonic Metacognition in Human Precuneus.” Journal of Neuroscience 38, no. 28 (2018): 6379—6387.

Yeung, N., J. D. Cohen, and M. M. Botvinick. “The Neural Basis of Error Detection: Conflict Monitoring and the Error-Related Negativity.” Psychological Review 111, no. 4 (2004): 931—959.

Yokoyama, Osamu, Naoki Miura, Jobu Watanabe, Atsushi Takemoto, Shinya Uchida, Motoaki Sugiura, Kaoru Horie, Shigeru Sato, Ryuta Kawashima, and Katsuki Nakamura. “Right Frontopolar Cortex Activity Correlates with Reliability of Retrospective Rating of Confidence in Short-Term Recognition Memory Performance.” Neuroscience Research 68, no. 3 (2010): 199—206.

Yon, Daniel, Cecilia Heyes, and Clare Press. “Beliefs and Desires in the Predictive Brain.” Nature Communications 11, no. 1 (2020): 1—4.

Young, Andrew G., and Andrew Shtulman. “Children’s Cognitive Reflection Predicts Conceptual Understanding in Science and Mathematics.” Psychological Science 31, no. 11 (2020): 1396—1408.

Zacharopoulos, George, Nicola Binetti, V. Walsh, and R. Kanai. “The Effect of Self-Efficacy on Visual Discrimination Sensitivity.” PLOS One 9, no. 10 (2014): e109392.

Zatorre, Robert J., R. Douglas Fields, and Heidi Johansen-Berg. “Plasticity in Gray and White: Neuroimaging Changes in Brain Structure During Learning.” Nature Neuroscience 15, no. 4 (2012): 528—536.

Zeki, S., and A. Bartels. “The Autonomy of the Visual Systems and the Modularity of Conscious Vision.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 353, no. 1377 (1998): 1911—1914.

Zimmerman, Barry J. “Self-Regulated Learning and Academic Achievement: An Overview.” Educational Psychologist 25, no. 1 (1990): 3—17.

Zylberberg, Ariel, Pablo Barttfeld, and Mariano Sigman. “The Construction of Confidence in a Perceptual Decision.” Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience 6 (2012): 79.